Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics and medication use
| Characteristic | Controls (n = 8) | LVCR (n = 7) | HFpEF (n = 16) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56 ± 3 | 66 ± 3 | 72 ± 2 | <0.001 | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 5 (63) | 5 (71) | 7 (44) | 0.424 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 ± 1.8 | 29.6 ± 0.9 | 31.0 ± 1.3 | 0.194 | |
| AHT, n (%) | 2 (25) | 7 (100) | 15 (96) | <0.001 | |
| AF, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (81)† | <0.001 | |
| Type 2 DM, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (29) | 8 (50)† | 0.035 | |
| CAD, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (14) | 2 (13) | 0.556 | |
| OSAS, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (29) | 6 (38) | 0.139 | |
| NYHA | I | N/A | 7 | 1 | — |
| II | N/A | 0 | 9 | ||
| III | N/A | 0 | 6 | ||
| IV | N/A | 0 | 0 | ||
| Medications | |||||
| ACE or ARB, n (%) | 2 (25) | 5 (71) | 10 (63) | 0.133 | |
| β‐blocker, n (%) | 1 (13) | 5 (71) | 14 (88) | 0.001 | |
| Loop diuretic, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (14) | 13 (81) | <0.001 | |
| Thiazide, n (%) | 2 (25) | 4 (57) | 4 (25) | 0.278 | |
| Spironolactone, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (38) | 0.031 | |
| CCB, n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (71) | 7 (44) | 0.015 | |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.6 | 12.6 ± 0.3 | 0.379 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 (0.70–0.87) | 1.04 (0.80–1.18) | 1.04 (0.88–1.55)* | 0.025 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 98 (91–105) | 78 (63–91)* | 66 (35–78)* | 0.001 | |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 44 (38–64) | 199 (100–241)* | 803 (344–1236) *, † | <0.001 | |
| CPET parameters | |||||
| Peak power (W) | 181 ± 30 | 130 ± 11 | 87 ± 8* | 0.001 | |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 162 ± 8 | 128 ± 7 | 115 ± 8* | 0.003 | |
| VO2 peak (mL/kg/min) | 28.2 ± 3.7 | 18.2 ± 1.9* | 14.7 ± 1.1* | <0.001 | |
| VO2 peak (% predicted) | 103 ± 7 | 85 ± 8 | 84 ± 5 | 0.103 | |
| VE/VCO2 (ratio) | 26.6 (25.4–28.8) | 32.2 (27.8–38.3)* | 35.6 (32.2–39.5)* | 0.015 | |
Data presented as mean± SE or median (25% and 75% percentile); P values for between‐group difference (one‐way ANOVA test, Kruskall–Wallis test or Pearson χ 2 test where appropriate).
P < 0.05 Bonferroni post‐hoc compared with controls.
P < 0.05 Bonferroni post‐hoc compared with LVCR.
AF, atrial fibrillation; AHT, arterial hypertension; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated with CKD‐EPI formula); FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HR, heart rate; LVCR, left ventricular relaxation due to concentric remodelling; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; VE/VCO2, ratio of minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production;VO2 peak, peak oxygen uptake.