Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Non‐obese | Obese | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 452, 78.9%) | (n = 121, 21.1%) | |||||||||
| Total | WL | non‐WL | WL | non‐WL | ||||||
| (n = 573) | (n = 49, 10.8%) | (n = 403, 89.2%) | (n = 21, 17.4%) | (n = 100, 82.6%) | ||||||
| Age, years | 78.0 [71.0–84.0] | 81.0 | [72.5–86.0] | 81.0 | [75.0–86.0] | 73.0 | [68.5–81.5] | 75.0 | [68.0–81.7] | |
| Female | 282 | (49.2) | 18 | (36.7) | 205 | (50.9) | 12 | (57.1) | 47 | (47.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.1 | [19.6–24.2] | 21.6 | [19.6–22.9] | 21.1 | [18.9–22.7] | 26.5 | [25.7–28.0] | 27.1 | [25.7–29.0] |
| Past HF hospitalization | 116 | (20.0) | 18 | (36.7)* | 74 | (18.4) | 3 | (14.3) | 21 | (21.0) |
| Aetiology | ||||||||||
| Arrhythmia | 150 | (26.2) | 16 | (32.7) | 87 | (21.5) | 8 | (36.4) | 39 | (39.0) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 142 | (24.8) | 11 | (22.4) | 105 | (26.1) | 3 | (14.3) | 23 | (23.0) |
| Valve heart disease | 131 | (22.9) | 11 | (22.4) | 108 | (26.7) | 2 | (9.1) | 10 | (10.0) |
| Hypertension | 71 | (12.4) | 6 | (19.0) | 48 | (11.9) | 2 | (9.1) | 15 | (15.0) |
| DCM/HCM | 52 | (9.1) | 1 | (2.0) | 40 | (9.9) | 2 | (9.1) | 9 | (9.0) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 7 | (1.2) | 0 | (0) | 6 | (1.5) | 1 | (4.5) | 0 | (0) |
| Infiltrative cardiomyopathies | 3 | (0.5) | 0 | (0) | 3 | (0.7) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
| NYHA Class III–IV | 40 | (6.0) | 4 | (8.2) | 28 | (6.9) | 1 | (4.8) | 7 | (7.0) |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 174 | (30.4) | 13 | (26.5) | 111 | (27.5) | 10 | (47.7) | 40 | (40.0) |
| COPD | 28 | (4.9) | 1 | (2.0) | 22 | (5.5) | 1 | (4.8) | 4 | (4.0) |
| Af (on admission) | 234 | (40.9) | 18 | (36.7) | 165 | (40.8) | 8 | (36.4) | 43 | (43.0) |
| Cancer | 36 | (6.2) | 1 | (2.0) | 24 | (6.0) | 2 | (9.5) | 9 | (9.0) |
| Medications | ||||||||||
| β‐blocker | 373 | (65.1) | 27 | (55.1) | 264 | (65.5) | 14 | (66.7) | 68 | (68.0) |
| ACEi/ARB | 338 | (59.1) | 29 | (59.2) | 221 | (55.0) | 13 | (61.9) | 75 | (75.0) |
| MRA | 205 | (35.8) | 21 | (42.9) | 142 | (35.3) | 11 | (52.4)** | 31 | (31.0) |
| Loop diuretic | 428 | (74.6) | 37 | (75.5) | 305 | (75.7) | 19 | (90.5)** | 67 | (67.0) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 49 | (8.5) | 4 | (8.2) | 38 | (9.4) | 1 | (4.8) | 6 | (6.0) |
| Vasopressin receptor antagonist | 91 | (15.8) | 9 | (18.4) | 63 | (15.6) | 9 | (42.9)** | 10 | (10.0) |
| Statin | 203 | (35.5) | 14 | (28.6) | 136 | (33.8) | 9 | (42.9) | 44 | (44.0) |
| Oral inotropic agent | 44 | (7.7) | 3 | (6.1) | 33 | (8.2) | 2 | (9.5) | 6 | (6.0) |
| Anticoagulant | 298 | (52.1) | 24 | (49.0) | 215 | (53.8) | 11 | (52.4) | 48 | (48.0) |
| Aspirin | 226 | (39.5) | 19 | (38.8) | 164 | (40.8) | 6 | (28.6) | 37 | (37.0) |
| Calcium‐channel blocker | 202 | (35.3) | 20 | (40.8) | 122 | (30.2) | 12 | (54.5) | 49 | (49.0) |
| PCI during hospitalization | 63 | (11.0) | 4 | (8.2) | 45 | (11.1) | 3 | (13.6) | 15 | (15.0) |
| PM implantation/CRT during hospitalization | 39 | (6.8) | 3 | (6.1) | 23 | (5.7) | 0 | (0) | 13 | (13.0) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 47.0 | [36.0–61.6] | 44.2 | [31.9–61.5] | 48.1 | [36.8–62.2] | 44.0 | [34.9–59.0] | 46.0 | [35.0–58.3] |
| Anaemia a | 350 | (61.3) | 39 | (79.6)* | 252 | (62.8) | 13 | (61.9) | 46 | (46.0) |
| Low albumin b | 165 | (28.9) | 23 | (47.9)* | 115 | (28.5) | 6 | (28.6) | 21 | (21.0) |
| Elevated BNP c | 277 | (48.7) | 34 | (69.4)* | 190 | (47.5) | 13 | (61.9) | 40 | (40.4) |
| Depression d | 200 | (34.9) | 13 | (26.5) | 149 | (37.0) | 7 | (33.3) | 31 | (31.0) |
| Low GS e | 228 | (39.8) | 24 | (49) | 167 | (41.4) | 7 | (33.3) | 30 | (30.0) |
| Walking speed, m/s | 0.96 | [0.77–1.11] | 0.94 | [0.80–1.05] | 0.94 | [0.78–1.11] | 1.01 | [0.90–1.08] | 0.99 | [0.75–1.14] |
| PMADL‐8 | 15 | [15–24] | 19 | [16–23] | 20 | [15–24] | 20 | [16–23] | 19 | [14–25] |
| Anorexia f | 120 | (22.9) | 14 | (29.8) | 90 | (24.5) | 3 | (15.8) | 13 | (13.0) |
| CR after discharge | 147 | (25.7) | 9 | (18.8) | 111 | (27.6) | 5 | (23.8) | 22 | (22.0) |
Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; Af, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDS5, the Geriatric Depression Scale‐5; GS, grip strength; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HF, heart failure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PM, pacemaker; PMADL, performance measure of activity in daily living; SNAQ, Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire.
Data are presented as median (interquartile range), or n (%).
Haemoglobin levels <13 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women.
Albumin levels <3.4 g/dL.
BNP levels ≥200 pg/mL or NT‐proBNP ≥ 900 pg/mL.
GDS5 ≥ 2 points.
GS < 30 kg for men and <17 kg for women.
SNAQ <14 points.
P < 0.05 vs. non‐weight loss in non‐obese patients.
P < 0.05 vs. non‐weight loss in obese patients.