Table 3.
Pooled prevalence and subgroup analyses of anxiety.
| Outcome measure | Study (N) | Sample (N) | Prevalence(95%CI) | I2% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety ≤one month | 19 | 3,377 | 41.9 (30.9, 53.0) | 98.2 |
| Study setting | ||||
| High-income countries | 14 | 2,256 | 36.0 (25.5, 46.5) | 96.8 |
| Middle-income countries | 5 | 1,121 | 54.7 (24.8, 84.5) | 99.0 |
| Study design | ||||
| Cohort | 13 | 2,226 | 40.8 (25.6, 56.0) | 98.5 |
| Cross-sectional | 6 | 1,151 | 41.1 (25.3, 54.0) | 96.7 |
| Selection bias- Sample representativeness | ||||
| Representative | 6 | 1,398 | 48.7 (27.3, 70.1) | 98.3 |
| Non-representative | 13 | 1,462 | 37.4 (24.7, 50.0) | 97.5 |
| Anxiety symptoms | ||||
| Self-reported | 15 | |||
| Parents* | ||||
| Mothers | 19 | 2,708 | 42.3 (30.7, 54.0) | 97.6 |
| Fathers | 6 | 669 | 22.9 (13.1, 32.8) | 93.39 |
| Prematurity a | ||||
| GA 23 - 41 weeks | 11 | 2,372 | 37.3 (27.5, 47.2.6) | 96.6 |
| GA <33 weeks | 8 | 878 | 50.0 (34.9, 66.0) | 96.0 |
| Measuring scales* | ||||
| STAI-State b | 9 | 892 | 52.3 (39.7, 67.9) | 96.3 |
| Other scales | 9 | 2,456 | 32.2 (21.1, 42.4) | 97.1 |
| Anxiety > 1 month < 1 years | 4 | 481 | 26.3 (10.1, 42.5) | 94.9 |
| Study Setting | 4 in high-income countries | |||
| Study design* | ||||
| Cohort | 3 | 292 | 33 (20.1, 45.8) | NA |
| Cross-sectional | 1 | 189 | 6.9 (3,71, 11.5) | NR |
| Selection bias - Sample representativeness* | ||||
| Representative | 1 | 189 | 6.9 (3.71, 11.5) | NA |
| Non-representative | 3 | 292 | 33 (20.1, 45.8) | NR |
| Anxiety symptoms* | ||||
| Clinical interview | 1 | 189 | 6.9 (3.71, 11.5) | NA |
| Self-reported | 3 | 292 | 33 (20.1, 45.8) | NR |
| Parents* | ||||
| Mothers | 4 | 329 | 27.7 (12.0, 43.4) | 91.6 |
| Fathers | 2 | 152 | 4.8 (1.6, 8.1) | NR |
| Prematurity* | ||||
| GA < 37 weeks | 1 | 189 | 6.9 (3.71, 11.5) | NR |
| GA <33 weeks | 3 | 292 | 33 (20.1, 45.8) | NR |
| Scales* | ||||
| STAI-State | 2 | 137 | 39.3 (31.2 to 47.5) | NR |
| Other scales | 2 | 344 | 10.5 (7.3, 13.7) | NR |
| Anxiety > 1 year | 1 | 27 | 0 | NA |
Abbreviations: a Bonacquisti 2020 not included as gestational age (GA) not reported & Trumello 2018 provided data for both subgroups.
b
Misund 2014 not included; *p<0.05: Significant difference between subgroups; NR: Not reported -few studies to calculate heterogeneity; NA: Not applicable.