FIG. 2.

Activation of the ENaC in dendritic cells leading to increased oxidative stress and IsoLG formation. Elevated extracellular sodium enters APCs through ENaC and leads to influx in intracellular calcium via the sodium–calcium exchanger, which in turn activates protein kinase-C, which phosphorylates p47phox leading to the assembly and activation of NADPH oxidase and subsequent production of superoxide. ROS production leads to the formation of IsoLGs. IsoLGs react with lysine residues on proteins to form IsoLG adducts, which are highly immunogenic. SGK1 mediates expression and assembly of ENaC in immune cells. APC, antigen-presenting cell; ENaC, epithelial Na⁺ channel; IsoLGs, isolevuglandins; SGK1, serum glucocorticoid kinase-1. Color images are available online.