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. 2021 Dec 15;13(12):2013–2028. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i12.2013

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Etiology of macrophages in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. gMacs: Gut-resident macrophages; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-23: Interleukin-23; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; CCL17: C-C motif chemokine 22; CCL22: C-C motif chemokine 22.