Table 3.

Individual-level determinants of change in the probability of worsened mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 European countries, June–August 2020.

	Worsened mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Age group
50-64	reference	reference	reference
65-79	−0.00947	−0.0308*	−0.0292
	(-0.0481–0.0292)	(-0.0615 to −0.0000496)	(-0.0721–0.0138)
80+	0.00418	−0.0469***	−0.0411*
	(-0.0247–0.0330)	(-0.0664 to −0.0273)	(-0.0750 to −0.00719)
Gender
Male	reference	reference	reference
Female	0.137***	0.129***	0.127***
	(0.106–0.169)	(0.0964–0.162)	(0.0922–0.162)
Self-rated health before pandemic
Excellent		reference	reference
Very good		0.0176	0.0134
		(-0.0103–0.0454)	(-0.0185–0.0453)
Good		0.0661***	0.0579**
		(0.0313–0.101)	(0.0221–0.0938)
Fair		0.161***	0.146***
		(0.129–0.193)	(0.112–0.181)
Poor		0.232***	0.213***
		(0.198–0.266)	(0.176–0.250)
Respondent COVID-19 positive
Not positive		reference	reference
Positive		0.112	0.125*
		(-0.00427–0.229)	(0.00706–0.243)
Anyone known COVID-19 positive
No		reference	reference
Yes		0.0260	0.0288
		(-0.0224–0.0743)	(-0.0193–0.0769)
Forgone healthcare during pandemic
No		reference	reference
Yes		0.145***	0.142***
		(0.122–0.168)	(0.120–0.165)
Living alone
2 or more in household			reference
1 person in household (living alone)			0.0162*
			(0.00128–0.0312)
Make ends meet during pandemic
Easily/Fairly easily			reference
With some/great difficulty			0.0508***
			(0.0293–0.0724)
Working before pandemic
No or Retired			reference
Yes			−0.0141
			(-0.0370–0.00878)
Became unemployed during pandemic
No or Retired			reference
Yes			0.0646*
			(0.0110–0.118)
Number of individuals	50278	49856	48566
R2	0.048	0.079	0.083

95% confidence intervals in brackets.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Robust standard errors clustered by country; constant calculated but not shown; all models adjusted by country indicator variables.