. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 28.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2020 Mar 20;58(6):e171–e179. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.012

Table 2.

Trends Among Items on Top Burger Restaurant Menus From 2012 to 2016, Overall and by Menu Category

Variable	n	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	p-value for trend

Mean NPI score
Overall
Food^a	7,137	50.56	50.79	50.86	50.86	50.77	0.58
Children’s menu	451	56.62	57.32	57.49	57.02	56.46	0.73
Menu category
Appetizers and sides^b	1,151	52.53	53.13	53.16	53.14	52.85	0.49
Main courses^c	4,678	51.77	51.94	52.06	52.04	51.95	0.72
Desserts^d	1,308	44.90	44.92	44.80	44.91	45.02	0.53
Predicted % of the menu that meet healthy cut off (≥64 points)
Overall
Food^a	7,137	17.89	17.89	18.01	18.00	18.04	0.91
Children’s menu	451	20.35	36.86	40.80 ^*	22.30	29.53	0.91
Menu category
Appetizers and sides^b	1,151	17.87	17.84	17.86	17.85	17.85	0.99
Main courses^c	4,678	18.39	18.51	19.58	19.70	20.73	0.93
Desserts^d	1,308	3.06	2.99	3.42	2.99	2.31

Note: Boldface indicates statistically significant difference from 2012 (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001). SEs are clustered to account for correlation of items within restaurants.

NPI, Nutrition Profile Index.

Includes all menu categories except children’s menu items.

Includes fried potatoes and other appetizers and sides. Excludes children’s menu items.

Includes burgers, entrees, sandwiches, and salads and soups that are not categorized as appetizers or side dishes. Excludes children’s menu items.

Includes desserts and other baked goods. Excludes children’s menu items.