FIGURE 2—

Association Between Zip Code Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) Income, Race, and Race–Income Measures and Aggravated Assault in 13 US Cities, March–July by (a) Difference Across ICE Quintiles in 2020, and (b) Difference in 2020 Relative to 2018–2019 Across ICE Quintiles

Note. CI = confidence interval; Diff = difference in count of incidents. The most privileged quintile (Q5) is the referent. Results in part a reflect cross-sectional differences between quintiles in 2020. Results in part b reflect difference-in-differences estimates of change over time (2020 vs 2018–2019) between quintiles.