TABLE 3—
Associations of Patient and Clinic Characteristics and Receipt of Chlamydia Screening Accounting for Race of Patients for Each Clinician, by Well Visits: Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 2015–2019
| Characteristics of Well Visits | AOR (95% CI) |
| Patient characteristics | |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Black racea | 1.88 (1.65, 2.15) |
| Other race | 1.26 (1.08, 1.46) |
| Latinx ethnicity | 1.18 (0.97, 1.42) |
| Age, y | 1.36 (1.31, 1.41) |
| Insurance | |
| Public (Ref) | 1 |
| Private | 0.79 (0.72, 0.87) |
| Previous chlamydia screening | 8.17 (7.29, 9.16) |
| Previous chlamydia infection | 6.48 (4.46, 9.40) |
| Clinician characteristics | |
| Proportion of Black patients per cliniciana | 11.95 (6.85, 20.87) |
| Clinician type | |
| General pediatrics attending physician (Ref) | 1 |
| Nurse practitioner | 1.48 (1.33, 1.65) |
| Adolescent medicine specialist (attending physician/fellow) | 1.93 (1.61, 2.31) |
| Clinician’s years in practice | |
| ≥ 15 y (Ref) | 1 |
| < 3 y | 1.49 (1.29, 1.71) |
| 3–14 y | 1.39 (0.26, 1.53) |
| Clinic characteristics | |
| Clinic size | |
| < 10 clinicians (Ref) | 1 |
| 10–20 clinicians | 1.58 (0.53, 4.69) |
| ≥ 20 clinicians | 10.72 (0.53, 216.99) |
| Clinic type and geography | |
| Suburban (Ref) | 1 |
| Urban Title X | 0.88 (0.03, 28.78) |
| Urban non-Title X | 2.96 (0.59, 14.80) |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. The sample size was n = 63 221 individuals.
a
The difference between individual patients’ race (race: 0 = non-Black vs 1 = Black) and the composition of Black vs non-Black patients in encounter-level data (mblack) represented the estimated effect of the clinician’s implicit bias on the odds that the clinician ordered chlamydia screening (Black = race-mblack).