Table 2.
Description of the study population
| Parental characteristics | N (%) or mean ± sd | Child characteristics at birth | N (%) or mean ± sd |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort of inclusion | Year of birth | ||
| BIB, UK | 202 (15.8) | 2003 | 53 (4.2) |
| EDEN, France | 198 (15.5) | 2004 | 104 (8.1) |
| INMA, Spain | 221 (17.3) | 2005 | 238 (18.6) |
| KANC, Lithuania | 203 (15.9) | 2006 | 243 (19.0) |
| MOBA, Norway | 254 (19.9) | 2007 | 269 (21.1) |
| RHEA, Greece | 199 (15.6) | 2008 | 361 (28.3) |
| Family native from the country of the cohort | 2009 | 9 (0.7) | |
| Both native parents | 1053 (84.2) | Sex | |
| One native parent | 64 (5.1) | Male | 697 (54.6) |
| No native parent | 133 (10.6) | Female | 580 (45.4) |
| Maternal education level | Gestational duration (weeks) | 39.6 ± 1.7 | |
| Low | 170 (13.7) | <37 | 62 (4.9) |
| Middle | 428 (34.6) | ≥37 | 1204 (95.1) |
| High | 639 (51.7) | Birthweight (g) | 3380 ± 506 |
| Paternal education level | <2500 | 47 (3.7) | |
| Low | 207 (17.4) | 2500–3500 | 701 (55.4) |
| Middle | 470 (39.4) | 3500–4000 | 387 (30.6) |
| High | 515 (43.2) | ≥4000 | 131 (10.3) |
| Maternal age at inclusion (years) | 31.0 ± 4.9 | Ethnicity | |
| Paternal age at inclusion | 33.9 ± 5.3 | Caucasian | 1151 (90.2) |
| Parity | Other | 125 (9.8) | |
| Nulliparous | 572 (45.8) | Child characteristics at examination | |
| Primiparous | 455 (36.4) | Age (years) | 8.0 ± 1.6 |
| Multiparous | 222 (17.8) | Body mass index * | 16.9 ± 2.5 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index | 24.9 ± 5.0 | Thinness | 99 (7.8) |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 49 (3.9) | Normal weight | 919 (72.4) |
| Normal weight (18.5–25 kg/m2) | 712 (56.7) | Overweight | 183 (14.4) |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 309 (24.6) | Obese | 69 (5.4) |
| Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 186 (14.8) | Height (cm) | 129 ± 10.5 |
| Maternal weight-gain (kg) | 13.6 ± 6.2 | Weight (kg) | 28.5 ± 7.7 |
| Marital status | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 99.4 ± 10.9 | |
| Living with the father | 1195 (94.5) | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 58.2 ± 9.2 |
| Living alone | 39 (3.1) | z-score of systolic blood pressure | −0.01 ± 0.82 |
| Other situation | 30 (2.4) | z-score of diastolic blood pressure | −0.06 ± 0.96 |
| Type of residence during pregnancy | Blood pressure categories † | ||
| Urban | 827 (87.4) | Normotensive | 1138 (89.1) |
| Rural | 119 (12.6) | Pre-hypertensive | 52 (4.1) |
| Hypertensive | 87 (6.8) |
*
According to the WHO growth reference for children aged between 5–19 years: http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/
†
Children with z-score of SBP or DBP between the 90th and the 95th percentiles (or if BP exceeds 120/80 mmHg) were classified as pre-hypertensive and those above the 95th percentile were classified as hypertensive.