Appendix Table A.4.
Internalizing symptoms linear regression unstandardized and standardized coefficients
| Depressive affect | Self-esteem | Self-derogation | Loneliness | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (95% CI) | β | b (95% CI) | β | b (95% CI) | β | b (95% CI) | β | |
| Intercept | 1.54 (1.47, 1.61) | – | 4.34 (4.30, 4.38) | – | 1.73 (1.68, 1.78) | – | 2.48 (2.39, 2.58) | – |
| Year | Reference: 2005 – 2008 | |||||||
| 2009–2013 | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.18) | 0.04 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.01 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | −0.01 | −0.12 (−0.24, 0.00) | −0.05 |
| 2014–2018 | 0.34 (0.26, 0.43) | 0.19 | −0.12 (−0.17, −0.06) | −0.06 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.04 | 0.06 (−0.07, 0.18) | 0.02 |
| Sex | Reference: male | |||||||
| Female | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | −0.01 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.01 | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0.01 | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.18) | 0.03 |
| Political Belief | Reference: conservative | |||||||
| Liberal | 0.22 (0.12, 0.32) | 0.10 | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03) | −0.07 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.18) | 0.04 | 0.07 (−0.06, 0.20) | 0.03 |
| Moderate | 0.11 (0.01, 0.20) | 0.05 | −0.07 (−0.13, −0.02) | −0.04 | 0.06 (0.003, 0.12) | 0.03 | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.13) | 0.01 |
| Radical | 0.67 (0.45, 0.89) | 0.10 | −0.28 (−0.41, −0.15) | −0.04 | 0.35 (0.20, 0.50) | 0.04 | 0.10 (−0.20, 0.40) | 0.01 |
| Unsure | 0.22 (0.12, 0.31) | 0.12 | −0.16 (−0.21, −0.10) | −0.09 | 0.17 (0.10, 0.23) | 0.08 | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) | 0.04 |
| Parental Education | Reference: ≥ college degree | |||||||
| < College degree | 0.12 (0.04, 0.21) | 0.07 | −0.12 (−0.17, −0.07) | −0.07 | 0.11 (0.05, 0.17) | 0.05 | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.13) | 0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity | Reference: white | |||||||
| Black | −0.10 (−0.14, −0.07) | −0.04 | 0.19 (0.17, 0.21) | 0.07 | −0.16 (−0.18, −0.14) | −0.05 | −0.07 (−0.11, −0.02) | −0.02 |
| Hispanic | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.00 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.03 | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.00 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.01 |
| Region | Reference: south | |||||||
| North Central | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.01 | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.03) | −0.02 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.01 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.03) | 0.00 |
| Northeast | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.02 | −0.05 (−0.07, −0.03) | −0.02 | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.00 | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.01) | −0.01 |
| West | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.00 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.01 | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00) | −0.01 | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | −0.02 |
| Metro Area | Reference: medium | |||||||
| Large | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.02 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | 0.00 | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.00 | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.01 |
| Small | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.02 | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00) | −0.01 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.01 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.01 |
| GPA | Reference: B or higher | |||||||
| B- or lower | 0.25 (0.23, 0.27) | 0.13 | −0.23 (−0.25, −0.22) | −0.12 | 0.36 (0.34, 0.38) | 0.15 | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | 0.06 |
| Year*Belief | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Liberal | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.05) | −0.02 | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.07) | 0.00 | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.16) | 0.02 | 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) | 0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Liberal | 0.00 (−0.13, 0.13) | 0.00 | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.02) | −0.03 | 0.23 (0.13, 0.33) | 0.05 | 0.26 (0.07, 0.45) | 0.06 |
| 2009–2013*Moderate | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.04) | −0.03 | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.10) | 0.01 | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.12) | 0.01 | 0.16 (0.00, 0.32) | 0.04 |
| 2014–2018*Moderate | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | 0.04 | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.04) | −0.01 | 0.15 (0.06, 0.24) | 0.04 | 0.22 (0.06, 0.39) | 0.05 |
| 2009–2013*Radical | 0.00 (−0.32, 0.32) | 0.00 | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.21) | 0.00 | 0.22 (0.00, 0.44) | 0.02 | 0.29 (−0.12, 0.69) | 0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Radical | −0.05 (−0.34, 0.25) | 0.00 | −0.18 (−0.38, 0.02) | −0.01 | 0.26 (0.02, 0.49) | 0.02 | 0.34 (−0.11, 0.79) | 0.02 |
| 2009–2013*Unsure | −0.13 (−0.25, 0.00) | −0.05 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | 0.01 | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | 0.00 | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.24) | 0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Unsure | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.13) | 0.01 | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.02) | −0.02 | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | 0.03 | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.22) | 0.01 |
| Sex*Belief | ||||||||
| Female*Liberal | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.17) | 0.02 | −0.10 (−0.17, −0.03) | −0.04 | 0.08 (0.00, 0.16) | 0.02 | 0.15 (−0.01, 0.31) | 0.04 |
| Female*Moderate | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.16) | 0.02 | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.02) | −0.02 | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.01 | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.24) | 0.03 |
| Female*Radical | −0.05 (−0.40, 0.30) | 0.00 | −0.12 (−0.32, 0.08) | −0.01 | 0.20 (−0.04, 0.43) | 0.01 | 0.63 (0.14, 1.11) | 0.03 |
| Female*Unsure | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | 0.01 | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.02) | −0.02 | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.14) | 0.03 | 0.12 (−0.02, 0.27) | 0.04 |
| Year*Sex | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Female | −0.11 (−0.23, 0.01) | −0.04 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | −0.01 | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.08) | 0.00 | 0.08 (−0.07, 0.24) | 0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Female | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.16) | 0.02 | −0.10 (−0.17, −0.03) | −0.04 | 0.09 (0.001, 0.17) | 0.03 | 0.22 (0.06, 0.38) | 0.07 |
| Belief*Parental Education | ||||||||
| Liberal*<College degree | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.05) | −0.02 | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.02 | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.03) | −0.01 | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) | 0.00 |
| Moderate*<College degree | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.09) | −0.01 | 0.08 (0.01, 0.14) | 0.03 | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) | −0.01 | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.21) | 0.02 |
| Radical*<College degree | −0.01 (−0.30, 0.28) | 0.00 | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.25) | 0.01 | 0.03 (−0.18, 0.23) | 0.00 | 0.02 (−0.38, 0.43) | 0.00 |
| Unsure*< College degree | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.02) | −0.04 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.05 | −0.08 (−0.16, −0.01) | −0.03 | −0.06 (−0.20, 0.09) | −0.02 |
| Year*Parental Education | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*<College degree | 0.00 (−0.13, 0.12) | 0.00 | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | −0.01 | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.15) | 0.02 | 0.16 (0.00, 0.31) | 0.05 |
| 2014–2018*<College degree | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.19) | 0.04 | −0.11 (−0.18, −0.03) | −0.04 | 0.11 (0.02, 0.19) | 0.04 | 0.10 (−0.06, 0.26) | 0.03 |
| Year*Sex*Belief | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Female*Liberal | 0.16 (−0.01, 0.32) | 0.03 | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.11) | 0.00 | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.15) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.23, 0.21) | 0.00 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Liberal | 0.17 (0.01, 0.32) | 0.04 | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.09) | 0.00 | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.18) | 0.01 | −0.06 (−0.28, 0.17) | −0.01 |
| 2009–2013*Female*Moderate | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.24) | 0.02 | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.01 | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) | 0.00 | −0.10 (−0.30, 0.11) | −0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Moderate | −0.12 (−0.27, 0.04) | −0.03 | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.15) | 0.01 | 0.00 (−0.12, 0.11) | 0.00 | −0.13 (−0.34, 0.08) | −0.02 |
| 2009–2013*Female*Radical | −0.65 (−1.19, −0.11) | −0.02 | 0.25 (−0.04, 0.53) | 0.01 | −0.35 (−0.69, −0.01) | −0.01 | −0.61 (−1.27, 0.05) | −0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Radical | −0.17 (−0.61, 0.28) | −0.01 | 0.30 (0.01, 0.59) | 0.01 | −0.03 (−0.37, 0.32) | 0.00 | −0.46 (−1.15, 0.24) | −0.01 |
| 2009–2013*Female*Unsure | 0.11 (−0.04, 0.26) | 0.03 | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.10) | 0.00 | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.11) | 0.00 | −0.05 (−0.24, 0.14) | −0.01 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Unsure | −0.02 (−0.16, 0.12) | −0.01 | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.15) | 0.02 | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.01 | −0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) | −0.01 |
| Year*Belief*Parental Education | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Liberal*<College degree | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.22) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.08) | 0.00 | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.09) | 0.00 | −0.15 (−0.38, 0.07) | −0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Liberal*<College degree | −0.03 (−0.18, 0.13) | −0.01 | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.19) | 0.02 | −0.10 (−0.22, 0.02) | −0.02 | −0.10 (−0.33, 0.13) | −0.02 |
| 2009–2013*Moderate*<College degree | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.22) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.08) | 0.00 | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | −0.01 | −0.18 (−0.39, 0.02) | −0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Moderate*<College degree | −0.13 (−0.28, 0.03) | −0.03 | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.16) | 0.01 | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) | −0.01 | −0.23 (−0.45, −0.02) | −0.04 |
| 2009–2013*Radical*<College degree | −0.02 (−0.45, 0.40) | 0.00 | 0.10 (−0.14, 0.34) | 0.01 | −0.37 (−0.66, −0.08) | −0.02 | −0.59 (−1.15, −0.03) | −0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Radical*<College degree | −0.33 (−0.73, 0.06) | −0.02 | −0.06 (−0.32, 0.20) | 0.00 | −0.36 (−0.68, −0.04) | −0.02 | −0.47 (−1.09, 0.16) | −0.02 |
| 2009–2013*Unsure*<College degree | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.21) | 0.02 | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.06) | −0.01 | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.07) | −0.01 | −0.06 (−0.26, 0.13) | −0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Unsure*<College degree | −0.10 (−0.24, 0.04) | −0.03 | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | 0.03 | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.05) | −0.01 | 0.06 (−0.14, 0.26) | 0.01 |
b = unstandardized regression coefficient, β = standardized regression coefficient.
All models adjusted for geographic region, urbanicity, race/ethnicity, and GPA.