Appendix Table A.6.
Internalizing symptoms linear regression unstandardized and standardized coefficients for models additionally adjusted for religiosity.
| Depressive affect | Self-esteem | Self-derogation | Loneliness | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (95% CI) | β | b (95% CI) | β | b (95% CI) | β | b (95% CI) | β | |
| Intercept | 1.49 (1.41, 1.56) | – | 4.38 (4.33, 4.42) | – | 1.69 (1.64, 1.75) | – | 2.46 (2.36, 2.56) | – |
| Year | Reference: 2005 – 2008 | |||||||
| 2009–2013 | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.17) | 0.03 | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.00 | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.02 | −0.13 (−0.27, 0.00) | −0.06 |
| 2014–2018 | 0.29 (0.20, 0.38) | 0.16 | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03) | −0.05 | 0.07 (0.00, 0.14) | 0.03 | 0.09 (−0.05, 0.22) | 0.04 |
| Sex | Reference: male | |||||||
| Female | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.08) | −0.01 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.05) | −0.01 | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.01 | 0.13 (0.00, 0.25) | 0.06 |
| Political Belief | Reference: conservative | |||||||
| Liberal | 0.11 (0.00, 0.22) | 0.05 | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | −0.01 | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.01 | 0.05 (−0.09, 0.20) | 0.02 |
| Moderate | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.16) | 0.02 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.01 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.01 | 0.00 (−0.13, 0.12) | 0.00 |
| Radical | 0.70 (0.46, 0.94) | 0.10 | −0.22 (−0.36, −0.07) | −0.03 | 0.27 (0.10, 0.44) | 0.03 | 0.16 (−0.19, 0.51) | 0.02 |
| Unsure | 0.17 (0.07, 0.27) | 0.09 | −0.13 (−0.19, −0.07) | −0.07 | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.07 | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.21) | 0.03 |
| Parental Education | Reference: ≥ college degree | |||||||
| < College degree | 0.11 (0.02, 0.21) | 0.06 | −0.11 (−0.17, −0.06) | −0.06 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.05 | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.10) | −0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity | Reference: white | |||||||
| Black | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.01 | 0.14 (0.12, 0.16) | 0.06 | −0.10 (−0.13, −0.08) | −0.03 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.01 |
| Hispanic | 0.07 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.03 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.01 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.01 | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.02) | −0.01 |
| Region | Reference: south | |||||||
| North Central | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.00 | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.02 | 0.02 (0.004, 0.04) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.01 |
| Northeast | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.01 | 0.005 (−0.02, 0.01) | 0.00 | −0.04 (−0.06, | −0.02 | −0.06 (−0.11, | −0.02 |
| Metro Area | Reference: medium | −0.02) | −0.02) | |||||
| Large | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.01 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00) | −0.01 | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) | −0.02 |
| Small | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.02 | −0.02 (−0.04, −0.01) | −0.01 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.01 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | 0.01 |
| GPA | Reference: B or higher | |||||||
| B- or lower | 0.23 (0.20, 0.25) | 0.11 | −0.21 (−0.23, −0.20) | −0.11 | 0.34 (0.32, 0.36) | 0.14 | 0.14 (0.10, 0.18) | 0.05 |
| Religiosity | Reference: more religious | |||||||
| Less religious | 0.29 (0.26, 0.31) | 0.16 | −0.20 (−0.22, −0.19) | −0.12 | 0.20 (0.18, 0.21) | 0.09 | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) | 0.05 |
| Year*Belief | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Liberal | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.11) | −0.01 | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.08) | 0.00 | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.20) | 0.02 | 0.06 (−0.14, 0.26) | 0.01 |
| 2014–2018*Liberal | 0.05 (−0.09, 0.20) | 0.02 | −0.10 (−0.20, −0.01) | −0.03 | 0.24 (0.13, 0.35) | 0.05 | 0.21 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.04 |
| 2009–2013*Moderate | −0.06 (−0.21, 0.08) | −0.02 | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | 0.00 | 0.08 (−0.02, 0.17) | 0.02 | 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) | 0.04 |
| 2014–2018*Moderate | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.22) | 0.03 | −0.04 (−0.13, 0.04) | −0.01 | 0.17 (0.07, 0.27) | 0.04 | 0.17 (−0.01, 0.36) | 0.04 |
| 2009–2013*Radical | −0.16 (−0.51, 0.20) | −0.01 | 0.02 (−0.18, 0.22) | 0.00 | 0.25 (0.01, 0.50) | 0.02 | 0.20 (−0.25, 0.66) | 0.01 |
| 2014–2018*Radical | −0.16 (−0.49, 0.16) | −0.01 | −0.26 (−0.48, −0.04) | −0.02 | 0.42 (0.16, 0.69) | 0.03 | 0.18 (−0.34, 0.70) | 0.01 |
| 2009–2013*Unsure | −0.14 (−0.28, 0.00) | −0.05 | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.02 | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.09) | 0.00 | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.24) | 0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Unsure | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | 0.02 | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.02) | −0.02 | 0.08 (−0.02, 0.18) | 0.02 | 0.003 (−0.19, 0.18) | 0.00 |
| Sex*Belief | ||||||||
| Female*Liberal | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.21) | 0.03 | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.03) | −0.04 | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | 0.03 | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.25) | 0.02 |
| Female*Moderate | 0.07 (−0.06, 0.20) | 0.02 | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.02) | −0.02 | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.14) | 0.02 | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.20) | 0.01 |
| Female*Radical | −0.18 (−0.57, 0.21) | −0.01 | −0.18 (−0.40, 0.04) | −0.01 | 0.23 (−0.03, 0.49) | 0.01 | 0.48 (−0.03, 0.99) | 0.02 |
| Female*Unsure | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.14) | 0.01 | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.02 | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.16) | 0.03 | 0.07 (−0.08, 0.23) | 0.03 |
| Year*Sex | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Female | −0.05 (−0.19, 0.08) | −0.02 | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.02) | −0.02 | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.15) | 0.02 | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.25) | 0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Female | 0.11 (−0.01, 0.24) | 0.05 | −0.13 (−0.21, −0.05) | −0.06 | 0.12 (0.02, 0.21) | 0.04 | 0.16 (−0.02, 0.34) | 0.05 |
| Belief*Parental Education | ||||||||
| Liberal*<College degree | −0.03 (−0.17, 0.11) | −0.01 | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.11) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.09) | 0.00 | −0.02 (−0.20, 0.17) | 0.00 |
| Moderate*<College degree | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.11) | −0.01 | 0.07 (0.00, 0.14) | 0.03 | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.06) | −0.01 | 0.09 (−0.07, 0.25) | 0.03 |
| Radical*<College degree | −0.11 (−0.43, 0.21) | −0.01 | 0.09 (−0.09, 0.28) | 0.01 | 0.06 (−0.17, 0.28) | 0.00 | −0.02 (−0.47, 0.43) | 0.00 |
| Unsure*< College degree | −0.10 (−0.23, 0.02) | −0.05 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.18) | 0.05 | −0.09 (−0.18, −0.01) | −0.04 | −0.04 (−0.20, 0.12) | −0.01 |
| Year*Parental Education | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*<College degree | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.12) | −0.01 | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) | 0.00 | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.16) | 0.02 | 0.21 (0.04, 0.39) | 0.07 |
| 2014–2018*<College degree | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.21) | 0.04 | −0.12 (−0.20, −0.04) | −0.05 | 0.11 (0.01, 0.20) | 0.04 | 0.05 (−0.13, 0.23) | 0.02 |
| Year*Sex*Belief | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Female*Liberal | 0.10 (−0.09, 0.29) | 0.02 | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | 0.01 | 0.00 (−0.13, 0.13) | 0.00 | 0.11 (−0.14, 0.36) | 0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Liberal | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.23) | 0.01 | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.14) | 0.01 | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.16) | 0.00 | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.26) | 0.00 |
| 2009–2013*Female*Moderate | 0.02 (−0.15, 0.20) | 0.01 | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) | 0.01 | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.04) | −0.02 | −0.07 (−0.29, 0.16) | −0.01 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Moderate | −0.11 (−0.27, 0.06) | −0.03 | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.15) | 0.01 | 0.00 (−0.12, 0.13) | 0.00 | −0.05 (−0.28, 0.19) | −0.01 |
| 2009–2013*Female*Radical | −0.41 (−1.01, 0.20) | −0.01 | 0.35 (0.03, 0.67) | 0.01 | −0.42 (−0.81, −0.04) | −0.01 | −0.57 (−1.33, 0.18) | −0.02 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Radical | −0.10 (−0.60, 0.41) | 0.00 | 0.38 (0.06, 0.70) | 0.02 | −0.18 (−0.57, 0.20) | −0.01 | −0.34 (−1.14, 0.47) | −0.01 |
| 2009–2013*Female*Unsure | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.24) | 0.02 | 0.04 (−0.06, 0.13) | 0.01 | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.07) | −0.01 | −0.04 (−0.26, 0.17) | −0.01 |
| 2014–2018*Female*Unsure | −0.06 (−0.22, 0.09) | −0.02 | 0.08 (−0.02, 0.17) | 0.02 | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.15) | 0.01 | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.24) | 0.00 |
| Year*Belief*Parental Education | ||||||||
| 2009–2013*Liberal*<College degree | 0.00 (−0.19, 0.19) | 0.00 | 0.00 (−0.11, 0.11) | 0.00 | −0.08 (−0.22, 0.05) | −0.01 | −0.19 (−0.44, 0.06) | −0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Liberal*<College degree | −0.09 (−0.26, 0.09) | −0.02 | 0.10 (−0.02, 0.21) | 0.02 | −0.10 (−0.24, 0.03) | −0.02 | −0.02 (−0.28, 0.23) | 0.00 |
| 2009–2013*Moderate*<College degree | 0.05 (−0.13, 0.23) | 0.01 | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.10) | 0.00 | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.08) | −0.01 | −0.24 (−0.47, −0.01) | −0.04 |
| 2014–2018*Moderate*<College degree | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.07) | −0.02 | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.20) | 0.02 | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.04) | −0.02 | −0.18 (−0.42, 0.06) | −0.03 |
| 2009–2013*Radical*<College degree | 0.22 (−0.25, 0.69) | 0.01 | 0.07 (−0.20, 0.34) | 0.00 | −0.36 (−0.68, | −0.02 | −0.37 (−1.02, 0.28) | −0.01 |
| 2014–2018*Radical*<College degree | −0.22 (−0.65, 0.22) | −0.01 | 0.00 (−0.29, 0.30) | 0.00 | −0.04) −0.42 (−0.78, | −0.02 | −0.28 (−0.98, 0.42) | −0.01 |
| 2009–2013*Unsure*<College degree | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.25) | 0.02 | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.06) | −0.01 | −0.07) −0.01 (−0.13, 0.11) | 0.00 | −0.11 (−0.32, 0.11) | −0.03 |
| 2014–2018*Unsure*<College degree | −0.13 (−0.29, 0.03) | −0.04 | 0.11 (0.01, 0.21) | 0.03 | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) | −0.02 | 0.10 (−0.12, 0.33) | 0.02 |
b = unstandardized regression coefficient, β = standardized regression coefficient.
All models adjusted for geographic region, urbanicity, race/ethnicity, GPA, and religiosity.