Table 2. Relative risks of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result by patient demographic and epidemiologic characteristics, crude and adjusted, in study of surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens,, (), California, USA, May 10, 2020–June 12, 2021*.
| Characteristic |
Crude relative risk (95% CI) |
Adjusted relative risk (95% CI) |
| Sex† | ||
| F | Referent | Referent |
| M |
1.10 (1.01–1.20) |
1.16 (1.05–1.29) |
| Age category, y | ||
| <1–4 | 0.62 (0.44–0.88) | 0.55 (0.37–0.82) |
| 5–17 | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) |
| 18–34 | Referent | Referent |
| 5–49 | 1.30 (1.17–1.44) | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) |
| 50–64 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) |
|
>65 |
0.72 (0.58–0.88) |
1.09 (0.86–1.38) |
| Race/ethnicity§ | ||
| White | Referent | Referent |
| Latino/Hispanic | 3.13 (2.71–3.61) | 2.35 (1.99–2.77) |
| Asian | 1.45 (1.10–1.90) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |
| Black | 1.45 (0.97–2.18) | 1.10 (0.71–1.70) |
| American Indian | 1.28 (0.50–3.25) | 1.23 (0.46–3.32) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1.59 (0.63–3.98) | 1.39 (0.52–3.76) |
| Multirace | 1.37 (0.75–2.49) | 1.21 (0.64–2.29) |
| Other race |
1.66 (1.19–2.32) |
1.25 (0.86–1.81) |
| Contact with COVID-19 case-patient¶ |
2.04 (1.86–2.24) |
1.89 (1.67–2.15) |
| Underlying conditions#** | ||
| Current or former smoker | 0.71 (0.60–0.84) | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) |
| Obesity | 1.44 (1.26–1.65) | 1.24 (1.03–1.48) |
| Asthma | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 0.76 (0.61–0.95) |
| Diabetes | 1.30 (1.10–1.53) | 1.23 (1.00–1.52) |
| Hypertension |
1.05 (0.87–1.27) |
1.10 (0.87–1.39) |
| Occupation category††‡‡ | ||
| Transportation | 1.86 (1.38–2.51) | 1.60 (1.09–2.35) |
| Farming, fishing and forestry | 1.37 (0.96–1.95) | 1.28 (0.81–2.04) |
| Construction and extraction | 1.64 (1.32–2.05) | 1.25 (0.93–1.69) |
| Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance | 1.39 (1.09–1.79) | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) |
| Production and manufacturing | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 1.04 (0.67–1.62) |
| Office and administrative support | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) |
| Material moving | 1.36 (0.86–2.13) | 1.01 (0.58–1.77) |
| Food preparation and serving related | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 0.98 (0.76–1.28) |
| Sales and related | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) |
| Personal care and service | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) |
| Installation, maintenance, and repair | 1.14 (0.69–1.88) | 0.94 (0.53–1.69) |
| Protective service | 0.99 (0.67–1.46) | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) |
| Education, training and library | 0.60 (0.34–1.08) | 0.80 (0.41–1.56) |
| Healthcare support | 0.72 (0.41–1.25) | 0.78 (0.42–1.46) |
| Management | 0.50 (0.28–0.91) | 0.77 (0.41–1.45) |
| Healthcare practitioners and technical | 0.29 (0.13–0.64) | 0.42 (0.17–1.04) |
*The 8,662 participants were selected from the California SARS-CoV-2 and Respiratory Virus Sentinel Surveillance program. Corresponding relative risks and 95% CIs were calculated by using mixed effects Poisson regression, both unadjusted and adjusted for sex, age (categorical), race/ethnicity, and county of testing site, allowing for random effects at the county level. COVID-19, coronavirus disease; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. †Excluding participants who had missing information for these variables and excluding those of other sex. §If participant ethnicity was reported as Latino/Hispanic (Latino) then race/ethnicity was listed as Latino; otherwise, race/ethnicity was listed as the reported race. ¶Within the 14 days before onset. #Referent group was persons without the select characteristic or underlying condition. **Age was restricted to participants >18 of age for diabetes, smoking, and hypertension and to participants >5 y for obesity and asthma. ††Within the month before onset. ‡‡Age was restricted to participants >16 years of age for all occupation category models. Referent group for occupation category was persons with all other reported and coded occupations.