Table 1.
Comparative physicochemical characterization of fibrinogen protein upon glycation with 5 mM and 10 mM of methylglyoxal (MG).
| Characterization | Fibrinogen | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Native | 5 mM MG | 10 mM MG | |
| UV-Vis (280 nm) | 0.231 ± 0.05 | 1.134 ± 0.24 79% ↑ |
1.268 ± 0.42 81% ↑ |
| Ketoamines (nM mL−1) | 4.43 ± 0.76 | 38.68 ± 4.3 88% ↑ |
46.28 ± 6.9 90% ↑ |
| AGEs (λex—370; λem—460) | 3.17 ± 0.5 | 12.67 ± 3.3 74% ↑ |
15.73 ± 4.7 79% ↑ |
| Intrinsic fluorescence (λex—280; λem—340) | 304 ± 41 | 77.31 ± 10 74% ↓ |
55.30 ± 6.2 81% ↓ |
| Circular dichroism (mdeg) | −10.23 ± 0.1 | −15.4 ± 1.3 | −17.3 ± 1.7 |
| FTIR (cm−1) | 1636 3438 |
1640 3442 |
1638 3444 |
| Carbonyl content (nM mg−1) | 40 ± 10 | 147 ± 18 72% ↑ |
219 ± 31 81% ↑ |
| HMF (nmol mL−1) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.78 79% ↑ |
7.2 ± 1.6 83% ↑ |
| TBARS (μM mL−1) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 9 ± 0.98 75% ↑ |
11.6 ± 1.2 81% ↑ |
| Free lysine (420 nm) | 0.423 ± 0.02 | 0.098 ± 0.033 76% ↓ |
0.079 ± 0.02 81% ↓ |
| Free arginine (λex—312; λem—395) | 149 ± 18 | 69.69 ± 13.4 53% ↓ |
57.73 ± 9.1 61% ↓ |
| CML (nM mg−1) | 183 ± 28 | 631 ± 76 70% ↑ |
657 ± 54 72% ↑ |
| ThT (λex—440; λem—485) | 32.31 ± 9.1 | 107 ± 11 69% ↑ |
131 ± 20 75% ↑ |
All the data is presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance of data was determined by Student's t-test, and a p value of <0.05 was considered significant. The upward arrows (↑) represent percent increase whereas downward arrows (↓) represent percent decrease.