Table 4.
Statistical data showing ketoamines, AGEs, protein carbonyls, hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), TBARS, free lysine, free arginine, and carboxymethyllysine concentrations in the sera of HS, T2DM, ATH, and T2DM-ATH patient groups.
| Disease | N | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | CV | p value | % Inc/Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ketoamines | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 7.15 | 2.65 | 3.12 | 12.43 | 37.06% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 36.03 | 7.30 | 21.98 | 45.32 | 20.28% | p < 0.0001 | 80% ↑ |
| ATH | 33 | 27.52 | 7.16 | 16.04 | 35.19 | 26.04% | p < 0.0001 | 72% ↑ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 39.83 | 7.86 | 25.51 | 52.62 | 19.73% | p < 0.0001 | 82% ↑ |
| AGEs | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 16.03 | 4.78 | 9.34 | 25.47 | 29.81% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 65.37 | 12.31 | 47.28 | 83.54 | 18.84% | p < 0.0001 | 75% ↑ |
| ATH | 33 | 45.47 | 7.36 | 31.23 | 60.49 | 16.19% | p < 0.0001 | 64% ↑ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 71.90 | 13.13 | 42.21 | 88.61 | 17.91% | p < 0.0001 | 77% ↑ |
| Carbonyl content | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 7.68 | 2.61 | 3.50 | 11.60 | 34.44% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 34.79 | 8.56 | 20.64 | 52.05 | 24.63% | p < 0.0001 | 77% ↑ |
| ATH | 33 | 26.73 | 6.40 | 16.12 | 40.16 | 23.95% | p < 0.0001 | 71% ↑ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 39.52 | 8.48 | 25.75 | 56.31 | 21.25% | p < 0.0001 | 78% ↑ |
| Hydroxymethyl furfural | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 0.68 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 1.14 | 25.08% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 4.48 | 2.03 | 1.59 | 8.90 | 45.23% | p < 0.0001 | 84% ↑ |
| ATH | 33 | 2.40 | 1.01 | 1.29 | 4.51 | 42.10% | p < 0.0001 | 71% ↑ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 6.02 | 2.67 | 2.10 | 11.21 | 44.39% | p < 0.0001 | 88% ↑ |
| TBARS | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 3.94 | 0.42 | 3.15 | 4.65 | 10.78% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 30.94 | 5.16 | 22.17 | 38.54 | 16.70% | p < 0.0001 | 87% ↑ |
| ATH | 33 | 24.62 | 5.70 | 15.87 | 35.71 | 23.17% | p < 0.0001 | 83% ↑ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 34.42 | 6.63 | 24.17 | 46.52 | 19.26% | p < 0.0001 | 88% ↑ |
| Free lysine | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 0.181 | 0.007 | 0.171 | 0.194 | 4.07% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 0.107 | 0.012 | 0.083 | 0.125 | 12.08% | p < 0.0001 | 40% ↓ |
| ATH | 33 | 0.116 | 0.010 | 0.100 | 0.139 | 8.77% | p < 0.0001 | 35% ↓ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 0.088 | 0.014 | 0.061 | 0.130 | 16.85% | p < 0.0001 | 51% ↓ |
| Free arginine | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 102.91 | 8.18 | 90.17 | 120.33 | 7.95% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 66.21 | 5.11 | 55.28 | 75.63 | 7.72% | p < 0.0001 | 35% ↓ |
| ATH | 33 | 74.44 | 7.39 | 60.12 | 86.75 | 9.94% | p < 0.0001 | 27% ↓ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 61.39 | 11.54 | 44.09 | 84.91 | 18.17% | p < 0.0001 | 40% ↓ |
| Carboxymethyllysine | ||||||||
| HS | 50 | 0.215 | 0.026 | 0.170 | 0.257 | 12.31% | — | |
| T2DM | 54 | 0.814 | 0.141 | 0.654 | 1.159 | 17.36% | p < 0.0001 | 73% ↑ |
| ATH | 33 | 0.653 | 0.084 | 0.524 | 0.821 | 12.95% | p < 0.0001 | 67% ↑ |
| T2DM-ATH | 65 | 0.889 | 0.186 | 0.653 | 1.447 | 21.34% | p < 0.0001 | 75% ↑ |
The data was presented as mean ± SD, and the statistical significance level (p < 0.05) between HS, T2DM, ATH, and T2DM-ATH groups was determined by one-way ANOVA. All the three patient groups exhibit statistical significance (p < 0.0001) with the HS group. “N” is the no. of subjects in each group, “Min.” is the minimum value, “Max.” is the maximum value, “SD” is the standard deviation, “CV” is the coefficient of variation, and “p” is the level of significance. The upward arrows (↑) represent percent increase whereas downward arrows (↓) represent percent decrease in parameters with respect to the HS group.