Inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/p65 pathway relieved GEC injury in HMGB1-induced LN. (a) Western blotting showed the expression of TLR4, NF-κB/p65, p-IκBα, and MyD88 in HRGECs cultured with LN plasma. (b) IF staining for NF-κB/p65 (red) in HRGECs cultured with LN plasma. (c, e, g, and h) Western blotting of TLR4, MyD88, and p-IκBα in LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors. (d, f, and i) IF staining of NF-κB/p65 (red) in LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors. (j, k) TEER and permeation in LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors (n = 6, p < 0.05). (l) The level of SDC-1 in supernatant of LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors measured by ELISA. (m) IF staining of SDC-1 in LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors. (n) IF staining of VE-cadherin (green) and F-actin (red) in LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors. (o–q) Western blotting of VCAM-1 in LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors. (r) The level of NO in LN plasma-stimulated HRGECs pretreated with different inhibitors. ∗p < 0.05 vs. control group; #p < 0.05 vs. LN group.