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. 2021 Dec 27;19:451. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01192-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — In vivo imaging of kidney hypoxia via Pc/C5A@EVs. a Ex vivo images of normoxic and hypoxic kidneys at designated time points after intravenous injection of Pc/C5A@EVs or Pc/C5A in mice with unilateral hypoxic renal injury. b Time-dependent fluorescence intensity changes in normoxic and hypoxic kidneys after Pc/C5A@EV or Pc/C5A injection (n = 5; ^*P < 0.05 compared with Pc/C5A@EV-treated normoxic kidneys; ^**P < 0.01 compared with Pc/C5A@EV-treated normoxic kidneys; ^#P < 0.05 compared with Pc/C5A-treated hypoxic kidneys). c Ex vivo images of major organs in the Pc/C5A@EV or Pc/C5A group. d Fluorescence intensities in the major organs after sacrifice of the hypoxic renal injury mice on day 3 after injection (n = 5, ^**P < 0.01 compared with Pc/C5A). e The expression of azo reductase in different organs (n = 5, ^***P < 0.01 compared with normoxia kidney). f CLSM micrographs of kidney slices from the mice injected by Pc/C5A@EVs or Pc/C5A for 24 h. LTL: green; Pc/C5A, Pc/C5A@EVs: red; DAPI: blue. Scale bars = 20 µm. g, h Fluorescence imaging of the mice at 12 h postinjection after 10-, 20-, or 35-min bilateral hypoxic renal injury