Table 1.
Summary of included models
| Modela (author [ year],ref model) | Outcome | Summary of risk factors | Validationb | Development setting | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and lifestyle | Clinical symptoms and signs | Test results | |||||||||
| Age | Sex | Smoking | Other | Haematuria | System specific | Non-specific | |||||
| Hippisley-Cox (2012),22 a | KCa, BCa, UCa | — | — | x | x | VH | Abdominal pain | Appetite loss, weight loss, anaemia | — | Internally | P |
| Hippisley-Cox (2012),22 b | KCa, BCa, UCa | — | — | x | x | VH | Abdominal pain | Appetite loss, weight loss, anaemia | — | Internally | P |
| Hippisley- Cox 2013),23 a | KCa, BCa | x | — | x | x | Unspecified | Abdominal pain | Night sweats, weight loss | — | Internally | P |
| Hippisley- Cox (2013),24 b | KCa, BCa | x | — | x | x | Unspecified | Abdominal pain, postmenopausal bleeding | Anaemia, appetite loss, indigestion, weight loss | — | Internally | P |
| Shephard (2013),31 a | KCa | x | — | — | — | VH | Back pain, abdominal pain, UTI | Fatigue, constipation, nausea | x | None | P |
| Shephard (2012)32 | BCa | x | — | — | — | VH | Dysuria, abdominal pain, UTI | — | x | None | P |
| Price (2014)35 | BCa | x | — | — | — | VH and NVH | Dysuria, abdominal pain, UTI | Constipation | x | None | P |
| Jung (2011),25 a | KCa, BCa, UCa | x | — | — | — | VH or NVH | — | — | — | Externally | U |
| Jung (2011),25 b | KCa, BCa, UCa | x | — | — | — | NVH | — | — | — | Externally | U |
| Loo (2013),28 a | KCa, Bca | x | x | x | — | NVH and history | — | — | — | Externally | S |
| Loo (2013),28 b | KCa, Bca | x | x | x | — | NVH and history | — | — | — | Externally | S |
| Beukers (2013),18 a | BCa | x | x | — | — | Degree | — | — | x | Internally | S |
| Beukers (2013),18 b | BCa | x | x | — | — | Degree | — | — | x | Internally | S |
| Cha (2012),19 a | BCa | x | x | x | — | Degree | — | — | — | Internally | U |
| Cha (2012),19 b | BCa | x | x | x | — | Degree | — | — | x | Internally | U |
| Cha (2012),19 c | BCa | x | x | x | — | Degree | — | — | x | Internally | U |
| Cha (2012),19 d | BCa | x | x | x | — | Degree | — | — | x | Internally | U |
| Hee (2013)21 | BCa | x | x | x | — | Degree | — | — | — | Externally | S |
| Lotan (2009),29 a | BCa | x | x | x | x | Degree | — | — | — | Internally | U |
| Lotan (2009),29 b | BCa | x | x | x | x | Degree | — | — | x | Internally | U |
| Lotan (2009),29 c | BCa | x | x | x | x | Degree | — | — | x | Externally | U |
| Lotan (2009),29 d | BCa | x | x | x | x | Degree | — | — | x | Internally | U |
| Barbieri (2012),17 a | BCa | x | x | x | x | Unspecified | — | — | — | None | U |
| Barbieri (2012),17 b | BCa | x | x | x | x | Unspecified | — | — | x | None | U |
| Barbieri (2012),17 c | BCa | x | x | x | x | Unspecified | — | — | x | None | U |
| Barbieri (2012),17 d | BCa | x | x | x | x | Unspecified | — | — | x | None | U |
| Tan (2019)33 | BCa | x | x | x | — | Degree | — | — | — | Externally | S |
| Georgieva (2019)10 | KCa, BCa, UCa | x | x | x | — | History | — | — | — | Externally | S |
| Matulewicz (2020)34 | BCa | x | x | x | x | NVH | — | — | — | — | S |
a
a, b, c refers to models developed by the same author group.
b
Validation: none — development only; internally — at least internally validated; and externally — externally validated. BCa = bladder cancer. degree = visible haematuria or non-visible haematuria. KCa = kidney cancer. NVH = non-visible (microscopic) haematuria. P = primary care. S = secondary care. U = unknown. UCa = cancer of the ureter. UTI = urinary tract infection. VH = visible (gross) haematuria. x = included in the model.