Figure 1. Intricate role of vorinostat-regulated autophagy in cell death.

Vorinostat-regulated autophagic cell death (ACD) can be grouped into autophagy-mediated, -associated and -dependent modes depending on the involvement of apoptosis. In autophagy-mediated death (autophagic facilitation of apoptotic cell death) cell, the autophagy pathway activates the apoptotic cell death pathways. In autophagy-associated cell death (in which autophagic and apoptotic cell death co-exist), the induction of autophagy accompanies apoptotic cell death. Autophagy-dependent (autophagy as an explicit cell death mechanism) cell death occurs independently of the apoptotic and necrotic cell-death pathways.