Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of residents in Massachusetts ZIP Codes in which retail pharmacies from a large sample (70% of known pharmacies) distributed standing order naloxone between 2014 and 2018 (n=281 of 538 Massachusetts ZIP codes).

Variables	ZIP Code mean ± SD
Age (%)
Less than 25 years old	30.2 ± 6.4
More than 65 years old	15.7 ± 5.1
Gender (%)
Female	51.6 ± 2.3
Race (%)
Nonwhite population	20.0 ± 17.4
Ethnicity (%)
Hispanic population	10.5 ± 13.5
Rurality
Isolation score	4.2 ± 1.4
Income (%)
Annual income greater than 75,000	18.7 ± 9.7
Buprenorphine admission (number of admission per 100,000 population)	29.1 ± 30.2
Methadone admission (number of admission per 100,000 population)	30.3 ± 35.3
OEND naloxone distribution (dispensing events per 100,000 population)	104.0 ± 191.9
Distribution under NSO (dispensing events per 100,000 population per quarter)	21.4 ± 47.7
Overdose related deaths (number of deaths per 100,000 population)	55.5 ± 177.5

SD=Standard Deviation

Isolation=Isolation Scale Score (see Doogan NJ, Roberts ME, Wewers ME, Tanenbaum ER, Mumford EA, Stillman FA. Validation of a new continuous geographic isolation scale: A tool for rural health disparities research. Soc Sci Med. 2018.)

OEND=Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution

NSO=Naloxone Standing Order