Table 2.

Cerebrovascular disease risk factors and classification of sickle sub-types.

Characteristics	All N = 303	Sickle cell sub-types		P -value
		HbSS† N = 170	HbSC and HbS/ß-thalassemia N = 133
Hypertension	34 (11)	11 (6.5)	23 (17)	0.003
Diabetes mellitus	10 (3)	3 (1.8)	7 (5.3)	0.08
Hyperlipidaemia	7 (2)	3 (1.8)	4 (3)	0.47
Smoking	5 (1.6)	2 (1.2)	3 (2.3)	0.46
Ischemic heart disease	2 (0.6)	1 (0.6)	1 (0.8)	0.86
Atrial fibrillation	2 (0.6)	1 (0.6)	1 (0.8)	0.86
Patent foramen ovale	1 (0.3)	1 (0.6)	0	1
Other cardiac disease	3 (1)	1 (0.6)	2 (1.5)	0.42
Ischemic stroke	30 (10)	25 (15)	5 (3.8)	0.001
Overt stroke	21 (6.9)	18 (10.6)	3 (2.3)	0.004
Silent stroke	9 (2.9)	7 (4)	2 (1.5)	0.18
Childhood stroke	4 (1.3)	4 (2.4)	0	0.13
Small vessel disease	5 (1.6)	3 (1.8)	2 (1.5)	0.85
Large vessel occlusion	9 (2.9)	8 (4.7)	1 (0.8)	0.044
Undetermined	6 (2)	6 (3.5)	0	0.036
Intracranial hemorrhage	3 (1)	3 (1.8)	0	0.25
Intracranial vasculopathy	10 (3)	10 (6)	0	0.003
Moyamoya	3 (1)	3 (1.8)	0	0.25
Aneurysm	6 (2)	6 (3.5)	0	0.03
Arteriovenous malformation or fistula	1 (0.3)	1 (0.6)	0	1

^†Also includes nine cases of HbS/ßplus thalassemia genotype. Bold values stands for statistically significance.