Table 6.
Test of association and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses of PPE perception and practices amongst veterinary personnel in Punjab, India during 2015.
| Number of participants | Likely (%) | Univariable analysis/ test of association |
Multivariable analyses |
Model adjustment⁎ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | P value | ||||
| Enablers to PPE use | |||||||
| Q.Does the risk to your life due to zoonotic diseases encourage you to use PPE? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 93 | 78(83.9) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.03 | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | <0.001 | Adjusted fortehsil and experience |
| Para-veterinarians | 133 | 123 (92.5) | 1.6 (0.8–3.4) | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | |||
| Veterinarian | 67 | 64 (95.5) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q. Does your previous experience with brucellosis due to zoonotic diseases encourage you to use PPE? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 90 | 19(21.1) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.02 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.03 | Adjusted for age,tehsil, experience |
| Para-veterinarians | 133 | 48 (36.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.6) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | and rurality | ||
| Veterinarian | 65 | 26 (40.0) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q. Does using PPE helps you to perform efficiently? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 91 | 60(90.9) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.1 (0.05–0.4) | <0.001 | Adjusted for age, tehsil, and rurality |
| Para-veterinarians | 133 | 97 (72.9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | |||
| Veterinarian | 66 | 60 (65.9) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q. Does using PPE enables to keep your clothes clean? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 91 | 62(68.1) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.12 | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.09 | Adjusted for age, tehsil, experience |
| Para-veterinarians | 133 | 90 (67.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | and rurality# | ||
| Veterinarian | 67 | 54 (80.6) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Barriers to PPE use | |||||||
| Q. Does the constraint of time discourage the use of PPE? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 90 | 16(17.8)) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | <0.001 | Adjusted for age and rurality |
| Para-veterinarians | 132 | 25 (18.9) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | |||
| Veterinarian | 64 | 32 (48.5) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q. Does the cost of PPE discourage you from using PPE? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 90 | 36(40.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.009 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.02 | Adjusted for gender and tehsil |
| Para-veterinarians | 134 | 55 (41.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | |||
| Veterinarian | 66 | 41 (62.1) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q. Does the heat stress discourage you from using PPE? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 90 | 24(26.7) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.06 | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.03 | Adjusted for gender and tehsil |
| Para-veterinarians | 133 | 33 (24.8) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.4(0.2–0.8) | |||
| Veterinarian | 66 | 27 (40.9) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q. Does safety concerns such as poor visibility discourage you from using PPE? | |||||||
| Animal Handler | 89 | 27(30.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 0.12 | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.24 | Adjusted for tehsil |
| Para-veterinarians | 131 | 36 (27.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | |||
| Veterinarian | 75 | 24 (36.9) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q. Does the concern for an adverse reaction from the animals discourage you from using PPE? | No multivariable model was attempted as none of the demographic variables | ||||||
| Animal Handler | 89 | 19 (21.3) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.8 | yielded p value of ≤ 0.25 | ||
| Para-veterinarians | 132 | 33 (25.0) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | ||||
| Veterinarian | 66 | 17 (25.8) | Ref | ||||
⁎
The association was individually tested for each demographic predictor and only the factors that yielded p value of ≤ 0.25 were adjusted in the final model for association of the occupation with the response variable.