Table 1.
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics.
| Total (n = 1135) | No/mild (n = 651) | Moderate/severe (n = 484) | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ageb, mean years (SD) | 40.0 (15.8) | 38.8 (14.9) | 41.7 (16.9) | 0.002 |
| Maleb, n (%) | 665 (58.6) | 351 (53.9) | 314 (64.9) | <0.001 |
| BMIb, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.4 (4.9) | 27.1 (4.8) | 27.7 (5.1) | 0.027 |
| Ethnicityb, n (%) | 0.172 | |||
| White/Caucasian | 697 (61.4) | 408 (62.7) | 289 (59.7) | |
| African American | 267 (23.5) | 132 (20.3) | 135 (27.9) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 73 (6.4) | 46 (7.1) | 27 (5.6) | |
| Other | 98 (8.6) | 65 (10.0) | 33 (6.8) | |
| Educationb, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Did not complete high school | 200 (17.6) | 66 (10.1) | 134 (27.7) | |
| High school diploma/GED | 572 (50.4) | 329 (50.5) | 243 (50.2) | |
| College degree, 2-year | 202 (17.8) | 143 (22.0) | 59 (12.2) | |
| College degree, 4-year | 95 (8.4) | 73 (11.2) | 22 (4.5) | |
| Graduate degree/trade school/certificate program | 53 (4.7) | 32 (4.9) | 21 (4.3) | |
| Other | 13 (1.1) | 8 (1.2) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Years since schizophrenia diagnosisc, mean (SD) | 8.2 (10.8) | 7.4 (10.3) | 9.9 (11.6) | 0.036 |
| Treatment settingb, d, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Inpatient | 207 (13.2) | 92 (14.1) | 115 (23.8) | |
| Outpatient | 928 (81.8) | 559 (85.9) | 369 (76.2) | |
| Any health insurancee, n (%) | 0.777 | |||
| Yes | 1016 (95.0) | 594 (95.2) | 422 (94.8) | |
| No | 53 (5.0) | 30 (4.8) | 23 (5.2) | |
| Among patients with health insurance, type of health insurancef, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Medicaid | 387 (39.3) | 193 (33.7) | 194 (47.1) | |
| Commercial | 267 (27.1) | 200 (35.0) | 67 (16.3) | |
| Medicare | 208 (21.1) | 93 (16.3) | 115 (27.9) | |
| Private (Health insurance exchange plan, Cobra) | 100 (10.2) | 77 (13.5) | 23 (5.6) | |
| Other (Tricare/Veteran's healthcare, other) | 22 (2.2) | 9 (1.6) | 13 (3.2) | |
| Smokingg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Current smoker | 354 (33.5) | 159 (26.3) | 195 (43.1) | |
| Ex-smoker | 200 (18.9) | 121 (20.0) | 79 (17.5) | |
| Never smoked | 503 (47.6) | 325 (53.7) | 178 (39.4) | |
| Cardiometabolic comorbiditiesb, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 258 (22.7) | 108 (16.6) | 150 (31.0) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 198 (17.4) | 91 (14.0) | 107 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 192 (16.9) | 90 (13.8) | 102 (21.1) | 0.001 |
| GERD | 76 (6.7) | 44 (6.8) | 32 (6.6) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 75 (6.6) | 34 (5.2) | 41 (8.5) | 0.039 |
| Psychiatric comorbiditiesb, n (%) | ||||
| Anxiety | 309 (27.2) | 161 (24.7) | 148 (30.6) | 0.031 |
| Depression | 156 (13.7) | 78 (12.0) | 78 (16.1) | 0.055 |
| Stress | 146 (12.9) | 70 (10.8) | 76 (15.7) | 0.015 |
| Insomnia | 132 (11.6) | 57 (8.8) | 75 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Substance use disorder | 69 (6.1) | 26 (4.0) | 43 (8.9) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 63 (5.6) | 24 (3.7) | 39 (8.1) | 0.002 |
| Number of medications not including schizophreniah, mean (SD) | 1.7 (2.1) | 1.4 (1.8) | 2.2 (2.4) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; GED, General Education Development (high school equivalency diploma); GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; kg, kilogram; m, meter; n, number of patients; SD, standard deviation.
Notes.
P-values are reported for differences between the two groups.
Reported for full sample of 651 and 484 patients with no/mild and moderate/severe cognitive impairment, respectively.
Time since schizophrenia diagnosis reported for 358 and 194 patients with no/mild and moderate/severe cognitive impairment, respectively.
A quota of 8 outpatients and 2 inpatients was set for each physician to ensure an adequate number of inpatients for analysis.
Any health insurance reported for 624 and 445 patients with no/mild and moderate/severe cognitive impairment, respectively.
Type of health insurance reported for 572 and 412 patients with no/mild and moderate/severe cognitive impairment, respectively. A conflicting value of no health insurance reported for one patient with moderate/severe cognitive impairment was not included.
Smoking status reported for 605 and 452 patients with no/mild and moderate/severe cognitive impairment, respectively.
Number of medications reported for 545 and 356 patients with no/mild and moderate/severe cognitive impairment, respectively.