. 2021 Dec 20;7(12):e08637. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08637

Table 15.

An interpretation of each motion in mind indicator for the three experiments from an engagement perspective.

Experiments	Indication	Interpretation
Time pressure	m ≤ 0.5 and $\vec{p_{1}}$	Maintain engagement
Time pressure	Negative peak F₂ and positive peak E_p	Least resistance, high curiosity

Challenge adjustment	balancing m	Appropriate difficulty depending on the skills
Challenge adjustment	Peak $\vec{p_{1}}$ and E_p	Growth rate and stronger motivation

Adaptations of pattern	m ≥ 0.5, $\vec{p_{1}}$ and E_p	Hard to maintain engagement
Adaptations of pattern	a₂ and F₂	Negative value arouses students to increase effort