Table 4:
Results of mixed effects models of immune-mediators at 2nd and 3rd trimesters with significant associations with baseline 25(OH)D, respective baseline immune-mediator, 25(OH)D concentrations at 2nd and 3rd trimesters, race, smoking status or trimester. Values are reported as percent change in difference (95% CI) with the specific comparison list. CIs including 0 are non-significant. For example, the coefficient relating baseline TGF-β to over time TGF-β indicates that for a 5-unit increase in baseline TGF-β, TGF-β at 2nd and 3rd trimesters increased by 81.3%, adjusting for baseline 25(OH)D, maternal race, smoking status, age, trimester and BMI at visit 1. Complete results are presented in Supplemental Table S3 (online).
| Covariates | Immune-mediators | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| IFN-γ | CRP | TGF-β | TNF-α | VEGF | IL-2 | IL-4 | IL-10 | |
|
| ||||||||
| 25(OH)D (5-unit increase) | 1.67 (−2.11, 5.31) |
−1.02 (−4.24, 2.09) |
−0.16 (−2.35, 1.97) |
0.78 (−1.98, 3.46) |
0.11 (−3.02, 3.14) |
−3.41 (−8.44, 1.40) |
1.35 (−2.21, 4.78) |
1.42 (−2.11, 4.82) |
|
| ||||||||
|
Baseline immune-mediator
(5-unit increase) |
90.6*** (82.2, 95.1) |
94.4*** (91.1, 96.4) |
81.3*** (66.0, 89.7) |
98.1*** (97.1, 98.7) |
98.3*** (97.0, 99.0) |
68.1* (21.4, 87.0) |
36.7* (0.35, 59.8) |
29.9 (−11.6, 56.0) |
|
| ||||||||
|
Baseline 25(OH)D (5-unit increase) |
10.4** (4.00, 16.5) |
1.60 (−4.19, 7.07) |
3.62† (−0.52, 7.58) |
0.35 (−6.67, 6.91) |
1.01 (−5.37, 7.01) |
12.2** (4.05, 19.6) |
−3.66 (−10.5, 2.80) |
−1.54 (−8.12, 4.63) |
|
| ||||||||
| Race | ||||||||
| Black vs. White | 12.1 (−17.1, 34.0) |
−2.66 (−29.9, 18.9) |
4.51 (−13.7, 19.8) |
2.79 (−30.5, 27.6) |
4.78 (−24.2, 27.0) |
3.97 (−38.2, 33.3) |
−11.5 (−45.3, 14.5) |
−5.02 (−36.0, 18.9) |
| Black vs. Hispanic | 23.5† (−1.04, 42.1) |
−15.8 (−45.5, 7.90) |
−9.97 (−30.7, 7.49) |
25.1† (−0.25, 44.0) |
10.1 (−16.8, 30.9) |
13.8 (−22.8, 39.5) |
13.2 (−12.2, 32.8) |
24.9* (3.51, 41.6) |
| White vs Hispanic | 13.0 (−14.9, 34.1) |
−12.8 (−41.6, 10.2) |
−15.2† (−35.8, 2.35) |
22.9† (−2.61, 42.1) |
5.63 (−21.6, 26.8) |
10.2 (−27.8, 36.9) |
22.1† (−0.46, 39.6) |
28.5** (8.32, 44.3) |
|
| ||||||||
|
Smoking status Current/Former vs. Never |
−29.2† (−72.0, 2.97) |
−9.76 (−38.9, 13.2) |
21.3** (6.38, 33.8) |
−50.9** (−101, −13.1) |
−4.86 (−35.5, 18.8) |
−1.01 (−42.6, 31.3) |
−20.8 (−56.6, 6.73) |
15.2 (−9.15, 34.1) |
p < 0.10
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
p < 0.001