TABLE 1.

Summary of the three randomized controlled trials on the effects of CPAP on cardiovascular events

Trials	Single or multicenter study	Number of patients recruited	Study period	Key inclusion criteria	Key exclusion criteria	Definition of OSA	Mean ESS (CPAP vs. usual care)	Average CPAP adherence (h/night)	Percentage of patients with adherence ≥4 h/night)
RICCADSA	Single‐center	244	2005–13	Adult patients with CAD who had undergone PCI or CABG in the previous 6 months	Patients with existing OSA, daytime sleepiness (ESS >10), and predominantly central apneas with Cheyne‐Stokes Respiration	AHI >15 events/h	NA	NA	NA
SAVE	Multicenter	2717	2008–16	Adults between 45 and 75 years of age who had OSA and stable coronary or cerebrovascular disease	Severe daytime sleepiness (ESS >15) or were considered to have an increased risk of an accident from falling asleep, very severe hypoxemia, or Cheyne‐Stokes Respiration	ODI ≥12 events/h	7.3 ± 3.6 versus 7.5 ± 3.6	3.3 h/night	42%
ISAACC	Multicenter	2551	2011–18	Aged ≥18 years, hospitalized for ACS	Previous treatment with CPAP for OSA, inability to complete questionnaires, known sleep disorder, >50% central apneas or the presence of Cheyne‐Stokes Respiration, and daytime sleepiness (ESS >10)	AHI ≥15 events/h	5.4 ± 2.5 versus 5.3 ± 2.5	2.8 h/night	38%

Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AHI, apnea‐hypopnea index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (scores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater severity. Daytime sleepiness generally defined as ESS >10), NA, not available; ODI, Oxygen desaturation index (the number of times per hour during the oximetry recording that the blood oxygen saturation level drops by ≥4 percentage points from baseline); OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.