Table 1.

Birth characteristics of analytic sample

		Gestational paternal incarceration
	Overall	No	Yes	ρ
Paternal age at birth (Years)	33.06	33.10	28.13	0.000
	(7.24)	(7.22)	(7.29)
Paternal race/Ethnicity (%)
White	0.36	0.36	0.04	0.000
Black	0.18	0.18	0.56	0.000
Hispanic	0.28	0.28	0.37	0.000
Other	0.18	0.18	0.03	0.000
Paternal education (%)
< High school degree	0.21	0.21	0.41	0.000
High school degree/GED	0.24	0.23	0.43	0.000
Postsecondary education	0.56	0.56	0.17	0.000
Parental marital status (Married) (%)	0.68	0.68	0.16	0.000
Maternal age at birth (Years)	30.11	30.14	25.48	0.000
	(5.89)	(5.88)	(5.94)
Maternal race/Ethnicity (%)
White	0.35	0.36	0.06	0.000
Black	0.17	0.16	0.49	0.000
Hispanic	0.29	0.29	0.42	0.000
Other	0.19	0.19	0.03	0.000
Maternal Education (%)
< High school degree	0.18	0.18	0.36	0.000
High school degree/GED	0.21	0.21	0.30	0.000
Postsecondary education	0.61	0.61	0.34	0.000
Maternal body mass index	24.81	24.80	26.70	0.000
	(5.47)	(5.46)	(6.45)
Maternal health behaviors in pregnancy (%)
Smoked cigarettes	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.000
Alcohol use	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.851
Trimester of prenatal care initiation (%)
1st trimester	0.75	0.75	0.62	0.000
2nd trimester	0.19	0.19	0.29	0.000
3rd trimester or none	0.06	0.06	0.09	0.000
Health insurance coverage (Medicaid) (%)	0.55	0.55	0.84	0.000
Maternal health (%)
Pre-gestational hypertension	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.000
Gestational hypertension	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.000
Gestational diabetes	0.06	0.06	0.03	0.000
Mother’s prior birth outcomes (%)
Live birth	0.55	0.55	0.55	0.187
Low birthweight	0.09	0.09	0.10	0.002
Preterm	0.09	0.09	0.10	0.000
N	627,118	622,086	5032

Estimates are reported as proportions or means with standard deviations in parentheses and units noted in the row headers. Reported p-values accompany estimated differences between infants with and without paternal incarceration during the gestational period or at birth