Table 10.

Estimated associations between paternal incarceration during pregnancy and birth outcomes, by cumulative duration and facility of incarceration

	Cumulative duration of jail incarceration (Reference: None)				Incarceration facility (Reference: None)
	1 day or less	1 day to 1 week	1 week to 1 month	> 1 month	Jail only	Jail and prison
Infant birth outcomes
Preterm birth
Late (32–36 weeks)	1.39**	1.31**	1.41**	1.28*	1.34***	1.35*
	[1.14, 1.70]	[1.09, 1.57]	[1.14, 1.75]	[1.04, 1.56]	[1.21, 1.49]	[1.01, 1.80]
Early (28–31 weeks)	1.11	1.35	0.99	1.04	1.22	0.55
	[0.63, 1.97]	[0.85, 2.13]	[0.52, 1.85]	[0.59, 1.85]	[0.92, 1.62]	[0.18, 1.71]
Extremely early (< 28 weeks)	1.15	1.41	1.75*	1.06	1.33	1.38
	[0.62, 2.16]	[0.85, 2.31]	[1.02, 2.98]	[0.57, 1.98]	[0.98, 1.80]	[0.61, 3.10]
Low birth weight	1.47***	1.40***	1.43***	1.27*	1.41***	1.29
	[1.23, 1.77]	[1.19, 1.66]	[1.17, 1.74]	[1.05, 1.53]	[1.28, 1.55]	[0.98, 1.70]
Small for gestational agea	1.33	1.53**	1.26	1.24	1.40***	1.01
	[0.97, 1.80]	[1.19, 1.98]	[0.90, 1.77]	[0.92, 1.69]	[1.20, 1.64]	[0.61, 1.67]
NICU admission	1.03	1.10	1.34**	1.13	1.13**	1.21
	[0.86, 1.22]	[0.95, 1.29]	[1.13, 1.60]	[0.96, 1.34]	[1.04, 1.24]	[0.95, 1.55]
Low 5-minute Apgar score (< 7)	1.09	1.61*	1.21	1.26	1.30	1.47
	[0.61, 1.93]	[1.06, 2.44]	[0.68, 2.14]	[0.76, 2.11]	[0.99, 1.71]	[0.73, 2.96]
Infant deathb	2.05*	1.13	1.33	0.93	1.17	2.05
	[1.01, 4.13]	[0.50, 2.54]	[0.55, 3.23]	[0.34, 2.48]	[0.73, 1.89]	[0.76, 5.51]
Father characteristics	X	X	X	X	X	X
Maternal characteristics and health	X	X	X	X	X	X
Health care access	X	X	X	X	X	X

N = 627,118. Results are reported as odds ratio estimates from the full model (Model 4), which includes covariates of paternal age at birth, race/ethnicity, and education; maternal age at birth, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, marital status at birth, indicators of prior low birth weight birth, prior preterm birth, maternal smoking during this pregnancy, pre-pregnancy hypertension, gestational hypertension, and gestational diabetes; and trimester of first prenatal care visit and indicator of whether the delivery was covered by Medicaid. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences at the ***p < 0.001 **p < 0.01 *p < 0.05 levels from the reference group. 95% confidence intervals are reported in brackets

^aAnalysis restricted to full term births (37 weeks or later) (N = 585,865)

^bAnalysis restricted to births in 2010–2015 because infant death data were not yet available for births in 2016 (N = 526,060)