Table 2.
Summary of paternal incarceration exposure among births in analytic sample
| Gestational paternal incarceration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | No | Yes | ρ | |
| Infant birth outcomes (%) | ||||
| Preterm birth | ||||
| Late (32–36 weeks) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.000 |
| Early (28–31 weeks) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.000 |
| Extremely early (< 28 weeks) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.000 |
| Low birthweight (< 2500 g) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.000 |
| Small for gestational agec (born 37 weeks or later, < 2500 g) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.000 |
| NICU admission | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.000 |
| Low 5-min Apgar score (< 7, range 1–10) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.000 |
| Infant death (< 1 year old, non-congenital)d | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.000 |
| Paternal incarceration in gestation (%) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Paternal incarceration detailsa | ||||
| Number of spells (#, %) | – | – | 1.24 (0.56) | – |
| 1 Spell | – | – | 0.81 | – |
| 2 + Spells | – | – | 0.19 | – |
| Timing of jail incarcerationb (%) | ||||
| Trimester 1 | – | – | 0.37 | – |
| Trimester 2 | – | – | 0.47 | – |
| Trimester 3 | – | – | 0.49 | – |
| Entire pregnancy | – | – | 0.05 | – |
| At birth | – | – | 0.03 | – |
| Longest single jail spell (Days, %) | – | – | 23.90 (42.61) | – |
| 1 Day or less | – | – | 0.25 | – |
| 2–7 Days | – | – | 0.33 | – |
| 8–30 Days | – | – | 0.20 | – |
| 31 + Days | – | – | 0.22 | – |
| Cumulative duration (Days, %) | – | – | 28.15 (49.47) | – |
| 1 Day or less | – | – | 0.25 | – |
| 2–7 Days | – | – | 0.30 | – |
| 8–30 Days | – | – | 0.21 | – |
| 31 + Days | – | – | 0.25 | – |
| Pretrial detention (%) | – | – | 0.40 | – |
| Facility type (%) | ||||
| Jail only | – | – | 0.89 | – |
| Jail and prison | – | – | 0.11 | – |
| N | 627,118 | 622,086 | 5032 | |
Estimates are reported as proportions or means with standard deviations in parentheses and units noted in the row headers. Reported p-values accompany estimated differences between infants with and without paternal incarceration during the gestational period or at birth
Estimates of paternal incarceration details other than overall proportion restricted to births with paternal incarceration during gestation (N = 5901)
Categories of timing of paternal jail incarceration relative to the birth are not mutually exclusive
Analysis restricted to full term births (37 weeks or later) (N = 585,865)
Analysis restricted to births in 2010–2015 because infant death data were not yet available for births in 2016 (N = 526,060)