Table 5.

Comparison of characteristics of births included and excluded from analysis

	Overall	Included	Excluded	ρ
Paternal age at birth (years)	33.07	33.05	33.17	0.000
	(7.32)	(7.27)	(7.59)
Paternal race/ethnicity (%)
Black	0.16	0.77	0.64	0.000
Hispanic	0.24	0.59	0.72	0.000
Other	0.27	0.27	0.64	0.000
White	0.32	0.01	0.80	0.000
Paternal education (%)
< High school degree	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.603
High school degree/GED	0.21	0.21	0.20	0.000
Postsecondary education	0.49	0.49	0.46	0.000
Parental marital status (% married)	0.60	0.60	0.57	0.000
Maternal age at birth (years)	29.81	29.82	29.76	0.000
	(6.11)	(6.04)	(6.43)
Maternal race/ethnicity (%)
Black	0.20	0.20	0.25	0.000
Hispanic	0.30	0.30	0.32	0.000
Other	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.000
White	0.32	0.07	0.33	0.000
Maternal education (%)
< High school degree	0.20	0.20	0.23	0.000
High school degree/GED	0.22	0.22	0.22	0.046
Postsecondary education	0.58	0.58	0.56	0.000
Maternal body mass index	25.04	25.01	25.21	0.000
	(5.65)	(5.62)	(5.81)
Maternal health behaviors in pregnancy (%)
Smoked cigarettes	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.000
Alcohol use	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.000
Trimester of prenatal care initiation (%)
1st trimester	0.73	0.73	0.71	0.000
2nd trimester	0.20	0.20	0.22	0.000
3rd trimester or none	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.000
Health insurance coverage (% Medicaid)	0.58	0.58	0.57	0.000
Maternal health conditions (%)
Pre-gestational hypertension	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.000
Gestational hypertension	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.694
Gestational diabetes	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.000
Mother’s prior birth outcomes (%)
Live births	0.56	0.55	0.60	0.000
Low birth weight	0.09	0.09	0.07	0.000
Preterm	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.000
N	855,632	713,529	142,103

Estimates are reported as proportions or means with standard deviations in parentheses and units in the row headers. Reported p-values accompany estimated differences between infants with and without paternal incarceration during the gestational period or at birth