Table 9.

Estimated associations between paternal incarceration during pregnancy and birth outcomes, by longest spell and pre/post-trial incarceration

	Duration of longest single jail incarceration spell (Reference: None)				Pretrial detention (Reference: None)
	1 day or ess	1 day to 1 week	1 week to 1 month	> 1 month	Pretrial	Post-trial
Infant birth outcomes
Preterm birth
Late (32–36 weeks)	1.41**	1.29**	1.40**	1.29*	1.33**	1.22***
	[1.16, 1.72]	[1.09, 1.54]	[1.13, 1.73]	[1.04, 1.60]	[1.13, 1.56]	[1.19, 1.26]
Early (28–31 weeks)	1.10	1.34	1.01	1.00	1.54*	0.88
	[0.62, 1.95]	[0.86, 2.07]	[0.54, 1.90]	[0.54, 1.87]	[1.05, 2.24]	[0.59, 1.31]
Extremely early (< 28 weeks)	1.14	1.50	1.41	1.22	1.61*	1.15
	[0.61, 2.13]	[0.95, 2.38]	[0.77, 2.57]	[0.65, 2.28]	[1.07, 2.43]	[0.78, 1.70]
Low birth weight	1.49***	1.39***	1.41**	1.28*	1.58***	1.27***
	[1.24, 1.78]	[1.19, 1.63]	[1.15, 1.72]	[1.04, 1.56]	[1.37, 1.82]	[1.13, 1.44]
Small for gestational agea	1.37*	1.47**	1.33	1.20	1.55***	1.23*
	[1.02, 1.85]	[1.14, 1.88]	[0.95, 1.86]	[0.86, 1.68]	[1.24, 1.93]	[1.01, 1.50]
NICU admission	1.04	1.11	1.40***	1.07	1.23**	1.08
	[0.87, 1.24]	[0.96, 1.29]	[1.18, 1.66]	[0.89, 1.28]	[1.08, 1.40]	[0.97, 1.21]
Low 5-minute Apgar score (< 7)	1.16	1.51*	1.03	1.45	1.62*	1.12
	[0.67, 2.01]	[1.01, 2.28]	[0.55, 1.93]	[0.87, 2.43]	[1.12, 2.33]	[0.79, 1.59]
Infant deathb	1.75	1.19	1.08	1.07	1.86*	0.97
	[0.83, 3.71]	[0.56, 2.53]	[0.40, 2.91]	[0.40, 2.88]	[1.07, 3.25]	[0.52, 1.82]
Father characteristics	X	X	X	X	X	X
Maternal characteristics and health	X	X	X	X	X	X
Health care access	X	X	X	X	X	X

N = 627,118. Results are reported as odds ratio estimates from the full model (Model 4), which includes covariates of paternal age at birth, race/ethnicity, and education; maternal age at birth, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, marital status at birth, indicators of prior low birth weight birth, prior preterm birth, maternal smoking during this pregnancy, pre-pregnancy hypertension, gestational hypertension, and gestational diabetes; and trimester of first prenatal care visit and indicator of whether the delivery was covered by Medicaid. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences at the ***p < 0.001 **p < 0.01 *p < 0.05 levels from the reference group. 95% confidence intervals are reported in brackets

^aAnalysis restricted to full term births (37 weeks or later) (N = 585,865)

^bAnalysis restricted to births in 2010–2015 because infant death data were not yet available for births in 2016 (N = 526,060)