Table 1.
Oral hygiene and dietary habits among the study groups
| Celiac N = 104 | Control N = 104 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | |||
| Brushing teeth | |||
| Yes | 63 (60.6) | 48 (46.2) | 0.037*† |
| No | 41 (39.4) | 56 (53.8) | |
| Daily tooth brushing# | |||
| Once daily | 23 (36.5) | 18 (37.5) | 0.535† |
| More than once daily | 40 (63.5) | 30 (62.5) | |
| Who brushes teeth# | |||
| Child | 45 (43.3) | 46 (44.2) | 0.889‡ |
| Adult involved | 18 (17.3) | 2 (1.9) | |
| Swallow toothpaste (0–6 years) | |||
| Yes | 6 (5.8) | 9 (8.7) | 0.421† |
| No | 98 (94.2) | 95 (91.3) | |
| Water source (0–6 years) | |||
| Bottle | 85 (81.7) | 91 (87.5) | 0.249† |
| Tap | 19 (18.3) | 13 (12.5) | |
| Zamzam (0–6 years) | |||
| Yes | 13 (12.5) | 10 (9.6) | 0.507† |
| No | 91 (87.5) | 94 (90.4) | |
| Sweets daily intake | |||
| < 3 times | 80 (76.9) | 74 (71.2) | 0.343† |
| ≥ 3 times | 24 (23.1) | 30 (28.8) | |
| Soft drinks daily intake | |||
| < 3 times | 100 (96.2) | 103 (99.0) | 0.369‡ |
| ≥ 3 times | 4 (3.8) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Carbohydrate daily intake | |||
| Yes | 79 (76.0) | 85 (81.7) | 0.308† |
| No | 25 (24.0) | 19 (18.3) | |
Bold values indicate significant levels of P values
N total number of participants, n number of participants in each group
#Total number of those who brushed their teeth from the total N. Does not brush was not included in this analysis
†Chi-squared test
‡Fisher’s exact test was used when the number of participants is less than 5
*P < 0.05, using a chi-squared test