Table 2.
Oral health status among the CD and control groups (percentage distribution)
| Variables | Celiac N = 104 | Control N = 104 | P value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | ||||
| RAS | ||||
| Yes | 44 (42.3) | 16 (15.4) | < 0.001*† | 4.03 (2.09–7.81) |
| No | 60 (57.7) | 88 (84.6) | Ref | |
| DED | ||||
| Yes | 73 (70.2) | 36 (34.6) | < 0.001*† | 4.45 (2.48–7.97) |
| No | 31 (29.8) | 68 (65.4) | Ref | |
| DED Grade I | 51 (49.0) | 23 (22.1) | < 0.001**‡ | 3.39 (1.86–6.19) |
| DED Grade II | 18 (17.3) | 11 (10.6) | 1.77 (0.79–3.60) | |
| DED > Grade II | 4 (3.8) | 2 (1.9) | 2.04 (0.37–11.39) | |
| Dental caries experience | ||||
| Yes | 89 (85.6%) | 98 (94.2%) | 0.038*† | 0.36 (0.14–0.98) |
| No | 15 (14.4%) | 6 (5.8%) | Ref | |
| Malocclusion⁂ | ||||
| No/mild | 21 (21.4%) | 23 (23.5%) | 0.732† | 0.89 (0.45–1.74) |
| Defined | 28 (28.6%) | 29 (29.6%) | 0.875† | 0.95 (0.51–1.76) |
| Severe | 24 (24.5%) | 21 (21.4%) | 0.610† | 1.19 (0.61–2.32) |
| Very severe | 25 (25.5%) | 25 (25.5%) | 1.00† | 1.00 (0.53–1.90) |
| Deep bite | 13 (13.3%) | 13 (13.3%) | 1.00† | 1.00 (0.44–2.28) |
| Posterior cross bite | 13 (13.3%) | 8 (8.2%) | 0.248† | 1.72 (0.68–4.36) |
Bold values indicate significant levels of P values/OR (95% CI)
N total number of participants, n number of participants in each group, CD celiac disease, OR odds ratio, DED Grade I defect in enamel color, such as cream or brown opacity, well defined or diffused, Grade II slight defect in enamel structure as "horizontal grooves or shallow pits.”, Grade III evident defect in enamel structure as "deep horizontal grooves or large opacities of different colors.”, Grade IV severe form of defect in enamel structure as "the shape of the tooth is altered, with pointed cusps.”, DMFT/dmft decayed, missed, filled permanent/primary teeth
†Chi-squared test
‡Fisher’s exact test was used when the number of participants is less than 5
*P value < 0.05 using chi-squared test
**P value < 0.05 using Fisher’s exact test
⁂Patients with only primary teeth were not assessed