Table 3.
Subgroup and sensitivity analyses for the primary outcomes.
| No. of Studies | Proportion | 95% CI | p | I2 | Q | psubgroup (χ2 test) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FATIGUE | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Females | 7 | 0.46 | (0.32, 0.60) | <0.01 | 96.0% | 3.36 | 0.067 |
| Males | 7 | 0.30 | (0.22, 0.39) | <0.01 | 92.6% | ||
| Age Groupa | |||||||
| Adults (≥18 years) | 65 | 0.32 | (0.26, 0.37) | <0.001 | 98.3% | 13.83 | <0.001 |
| Children (<18 years) | 3 | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.16) | <0.01 | 78.5% | ||
| COVID-19 Hospitalization Status | |||||||
| Hospitalized | 45 | 0.36 | (0.30, 0.43) | <0.001 | 99.4% | 1.76 | 0.185 |
| Non-Hospitalized | 10 | 0.44 | (0.34, 0.55) | <0.01 | 92.9% | ||
| Follow-up Duration | |||||||
| <6 Months | 46 | 0.33 | (0.26, 0.39) | <0.001 | 99.1% | 0.10 | 0.755 |
| ≥6 Months | 26 | 0.31 | (0.24, 0.37) | <0.001 | 99.0% | ||
| Mode of Ascertainmentb | |||||||
| Subjective | 55 | 0.29 | (0.24, 0.35) | <0.001 | 99.2% | 7.56 | 0.006 |
| Objective | 13 | 0.45 | (0.35, 0.55) | <0.01 | 96.4% | ||
| NOS Rating Category | |||||||
| High | 24 | 0.28 | (0.20, 0.37) | <0.001 | 98.9% | 0.59 | 0.750 |
| Moderate | 27 | 0.32 | (0.25, 0.40) | <0.01 | 96.6% | ||
| Low | 17 | 0.30 | (0.17, 0.46) | <0.01 | 98.4% | ||
| Study Design | |||||||
| Prospective Cohort | 48 | 0.28 | (0.22, 0.34) | <0.001 | 97.6% | 94.84 | < 0.001 |
| Retrospective Cohort | 8 | 0.31 | (0.17, 0.49) | <0.01 | 98.7% | ||
| Cross-sectional | 10 | 0.36 | (0.21, 0.53) | <0.01 | 97.1% | ||
| Ambidirectional Cohort | 1 | 0.63 | (0.60, 0.65) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Retrospective Case-control | 1 | 0.50 | (0.38, 0.62) | N/A | N/A | ||
| COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Females | 2 | 0.56 | (0.46, 0.66) | 0.960 | 0.0% | 3.46 | 0.063 |
| Males | 2 | 0.36 | (0.19, 0.55) | 0.020 | 82.5% | ||
| Age Groupa | |||||||
| Adults (≥18 years) | 42 | 0.19 | (0.14, 0.26) | <0.01 | 97.0% | 1.77 | 0.182 |
| Children (<18 years) | 1 | 0.12 | (0.06, 0.22) | N/A | N/A | ||
| COVID-19 Hospitalization Status | |||||||
| Hospitalized | 24 | 0.30 | (0.22, 0.38) | <0.01 | 96.7% | 2.77 | 0.096 |
| Non-Hospitalized | 5 | 0.20 | (0.12, 0.29) | <0.01 | 70.8% | ||
| Follow-up Duration | |||||||
| <6 Months | 31 | 0.22 | (0.15, 0.30) | <0.001 | 98.2% | 0.07 | 0.794 |
| ≥6 Months | 14 | 0.21 | (0.13, 0.30) | <0.01 | 97.3% | ||
| Mode of Ascertainmentb | |||||||
| Subjective | 31 | 0.18 | (0.12, 0.24) | <0.01 | 97.9% | 9.97 | 0.002 |
| Objective | 12 | 0.36 | (0.27, 0.46) | <0.01 | 94.9% | ||
| NOS Rating Category | |||||||
| High | 12 | 0.18 | (0.10, 0.29) | <0.01 | 95.7% | 10.95 | 0.004 |
| Moderate | 17 | 0.32 | (0.21, 0.44) | <0.01 | 92.6% | ||
| Low | 14 | 0.10 | (0.05, 0.18) | <0.01 | 97.4% | ||
| Study Design | |||||||
| Prospective Cohort | 31 | 0.18 | (0.12, 0.26) | <0.01 | 97.4% | 2.01 | 0.366 |
| Retrospective Cohort | 5 | 0.16 | (0.06, 0.35) | <0.01 | 92.5% | ||
| Cross-sectional | 7 | 0.26 | (0.16, 0.44) | <0.01 | 92.9% | ||
Acronyms: NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, N/A: not applicable.
Statistically significant subgroup effect sizes, ascertained as psubgroup (χ2 test) <0.05, are bolded.
a
Studies categorized by age group depending on mean or median age.
b
Refers to ascertainment of outcomes (see Table 1).