FIGURE 5.

NDRG1 is essential for CLDN2‐mediated CRC cell proliferation and migration/invasion in vivo and in vitro. (A, B) Representative colony formation images and quantification numbers of Caco2 and SW48 cells either knocking out NDRG1 in CLDN2 knockout or overexpressing NDRG1 in CLDN2 overexpression; scale bar, 3 mm. (C–F) Representative transwell invasion/migration images and quantification numbers of Caco2 and SW48 cells either knocking out NDRG1 in CLDN2 knockout or overexpressing NDRG1 in CLDN2 overexpression; scale bar, 100 μm; *p < .01, **p < .01, ***p < .001, ****p < .0001 by t‐test. Similar results were repeated at least three times. (G) Gross photos and average weight of removed xenograft tumours 3 weeks after subcutaneously injection of Caco2 cells (n = 6); *p < .01 by t‐test. (H) Images and percentage of mice with and without liver metastases after injection of Caco2 cells into the spleen (n = 9); black circle indicates metastasis lesions. M0: without metastasis, M1: liver metastasis