Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics by Cohort
| Variable | Historical Cohort (n = 341) | Intervention Cohort (n = 623) | P Value | PS-Weighted P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical variables | ||||
| Sex | .385 | .381 | ||
| Female | 226 (66.3) | 394 (63.2) | ||
| Male | 115 (33.7) | 229 (36.8) | ||
| Race | .152 | .267 | ||
| White | 310 (90.9) | 545 (87.5) | ||
| Other | 31 (9.1) | 78 (12.5) | ||
| Concomitant infection | ||||
| Septicemia | 122 (35.8) | 247 (39.7) | .266 | .696 |
| Urinary tract infection | 40 (11.7) | 75 (12) | .97 | .792 |
| Bacterial infection; unspecified site | 15 (4.4) | 55 (8.8) | .016 | .09 |
| Peri-, endo-, and myocarditis; cardiomyopathy | 16 (4.7) | 30 (4.8) | >.999 | .82 |
| Aspiration pneumonitis | 16 (4.7) | 24 (3.9) | .648 | .519 |
| Mycoses | 7 (2.1) | 35 (5.6) | .015 | .035 |
| Influenza | 5 (1.5) | 29 (4.7) | .017 | .035 |
| Skin and subcutaneous soft tissue infection | 6 (1.8) | 17 (2.7) | .47 | .186 |
| Intestinal infection | 4 (1.2) | 15 (2.4) | .282 | .112 |
| Viral infection | 3 (0.9) | 17 (2.7) | .091 | .249 |
| Peritonitis and intestinal abscess | 0 (0) | 6 (1) | .095 | .075 |
| Infective arthritis and osteomyelitis | 0 (0) | 12 (1.9) | .011 | .011 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 118 (34.6) | 222 (35.6) | .803 | .425 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 163 (47.8) | 372 (59.7) | <.001 | .714 |
| Malignancy | 75 (22) | 17 (2.7) | <.001 | .002 |
| Asthma | 48 (14.1) | 89 (14.3) | >.999 | .964 |
| COPD | 119 (34.9) | 293 (47) | <.001 | .216 |
| Acute and unspecified renal impairment | 83 (24.3) | 175 (28.1) | .238 | .525 |
| Chronic renal impairment | 86 (25.2) | 206 (33.1) | .014 | .745 |
| Hemodialysis | 72 (21.1) | 226 (36.3) | <.001 | .069 |
| ICU stay | 42 (12.3) | 77 (12.4) | >.999 | .973 |
| Receipt of antimicrobial within 48 hours of admission | 333 (97.7) | 608 (97.6) | >.999 | .831 |
| Allergy type | ||||
| Drug intolerance | 19 (5.6) | 45 (7.2) | .396 | .304 |
| Mild reaction | 69 (20.2) | 148 (23.8) | .242 | .796 |
| Type I HSR | 120 (35.2) | 262 (42.1) | .044 | .485 |
| Unknown allergy | 130 (38.1) | 161 (25.8) | <.001 | .133 |
| Type II–IV HSR | 3 (0.9) | 7 (1.1) | >.999 | .784 |
| Continuous variables | ||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 68.2 (15.7) | 70.5 (15.4) | .034 | .69 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.4) | <.001 | .124 |
| Length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | .831 | .85 |
| ICU length of stay, days, median (IQR)a | 7 (2–14) | 5 (2–9) | .218 | .451 |
| Internal mortality indexb [37] | 2.9 (1) | 2.5 (1) | <.001 | .072 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HSR, hypersensitivity reaction; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PS, propensity score; SD, standard deviation.
Analysis performed on subset of patients with an ICU stay (historical cohort, n = 42; intervention cohort, n = 77).
Analysis performed on subset of patients with available data (historical cohort, n = 289; intervention cohort, n = 602).