Table 3.

Odds of Experiencing Recent Violent Victimization Over 3 Years in GEE Model Among Adults Age >50 Years Who Were Homeless at Baseline 2013–2014, Oakland, California, United States.

	OR [95% CI]	AOR [95% CI]
Women	1.36 [0.89, 2.08]
Age	0.98 [0.94, 1.02]
Race (Non-Black vs. Black)	1.86 [1.25, 2.76]	1.65 [1.09, 2.50]
Victimization before age 18	1.87 [1.29, 2.71]	1.75 [1.19, 2.58]
Homelessness (HEARTH)	2.17 [1.54, 3.06]	2.01 [1.41, 2.87]
Social support
0 confidants (referent category)
1–5 confidants	0.80 [0.56, 1.16]
≥6 confidants	0.46 [0.22, 0.94]
Substance use and mental health
Heavy drinkinga	1.92 [1.25, 2.95]	1.68 [1.10, 2.57]
Moderate-to-severe illicit drug useb	1.96 [1.38, 2.78]	1.72 [1.20, 2.45]
Moderate-to-severe depressive symptomatologyc	1.69 [1.17, 2.46]
Functional status
Cognitive impairmentd	1.12 [0.75, 1.69]
≥1 ADL impairment	1.83 [1.33, 2.52]	1.73 [1.25, 2.41]

Note. GEE = generalized estimating equations; OR = unadjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; HEARTH = Homelessness Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transitions to Housing Act; ADL = activities of daily living; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

^aSix or more drinks on one occasion at least once monthly.

^bModerate-to-severe illicit drug use past 6 months defined as a World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test score for either cocaine, methamphetamines, or opioids of ≥4 (range 0–39; higher scores indicate more problems).

^cCES-D score ≥ 22.

^dCognitive impairment defined as a Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score below the 7th percentile (i.e., 1.5 SD below the demographically adjusted cohort mean).