Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of T2DM respondents treated with insulin therapy (n = 249)

Variables	Frequency (%)		P-value*
	Adherence n = 21	Non-adherence n = 228
Age (years old)†	59.4 (8.0)	58.1 (8.6)	0.524
Gender
Female	8 (38.1)	108 (47.4)	0.417
Male	13 (61.9)	120 (52.6)
Race
Chinese	2 (9.5)	48 (21.0)
Indian	8 (38.1)	79 (34.7)	0.274
Malay	11 (52.4)	101 (44.3)	0.223
Employment status
Not working	8 (38.1)	77 (33.8)
Retired	9 (42.9)	88 (38.6)	0.975
Employed	4 (19.0)	63 (27.6)	0.438
Education level
No education	4 (19.1)	12 (5.3)
Primary	2 (9.5)	19 (8.3)	0.221
Secondary	12 (57.1)	152 (66.7)	0.052
Tertiary	3 (14.3)	45 (19.7)	0.027
Monthly income (RM)
< 1,000	6 (28.6)	62 (27.2)
1,001–2,500	4 (19.1)	24 (10.5)	0.430
> 2,500	11 (52.3)	142 (62.3)	0.674
Smoking status
Non-smoker	20 (95.3)	204 (89.5)
Smoker	1 (4.7)	24 (10.5)	0.414
Exercise
No	5 (23.8)	103 (45.2)
Yes	16 (76.2)	125 (54.8)	0.067

Notes:

^*simple logistic regression;

^†mean (SD)