TABLE 4.

Association Between Lifestyle, Occupational Factors, and Sickness Presenteeism

	Age-Sex Adjusted				Multivariate∗
	OR	95% CI		P	OR	95% CI		P
Smoking status
Non-smoker	Reference				Reference
Ex-smoker	1.06	0.97	1.16	0.189	1.06	0.97	1.16	0.207
Current smoker	1.26	1.17	1.36	<0.001	1.25	1.16	1.35	<0.001
Drinking habit
6–7 days a week	0.96	0.88	1.05	0.337	0.98	0.90	1.07	0.674
4–5 days a week	0.91	0.80	1.03	0.142	0.94	0.83	1.06	0.301
2–3 days a week	0.96	0.87	1.06	0.385	0.98	0.89	1.08	0.677
Less than 1 day a week	0.88	0.80	0.96	0.004	0.89	0.81	0.97	0.008
Hardly ever	Reference				Reference
How often do you eat breakfast?
6–7 days a week	Reference				Reference
4–5 days a week	1.43	1.29	1.59	<0.001	1.41	1.27	1.57	<0.001
2–3 days a week	1.71	1.52	1.93	<0.001	1.68	1.49	1.90	<0.001
Less than 1 day a week	1.72	1.50	1.97	<0.001	1.70	1.49	1.95	<0.001
Hardly ever	1.54	1.42	1.66	<0.001	1.49	1.38	1.62	<0.001
Time spent on one-way commute (excluding time spent at home)
More than 2 hours	1.35	1.11	1.66	0.003	1.45	1.18	1.77	<0.001
More than 1 hour	1.06	0.95	1.19	0.272	1.13	1.01	1.27	0.029
More than 30 minutes	0.92	0.83	1.01	0.086	0.96	0.87	1.06	0.386
Less than 30 minutes	0.79	0.73	0.87	<0.001	0.81	0.73	0.88	<0.001
Almost none	Reference				Reference
Overtime work
More than 2 hours	2.39	2.16	2.64	<0.001	2.53	2.28	2.80	<0.001
More than 1 hour	1.67	1.53	1.83	<0.001	1.75	1.60	1.91	<0.001
More than 30 minutes	1.45	1.32	1.58	<0.001	1.50	1.37	1.64	<0.001
Less than 30 minutes	1.15	1.05	1.28	0.005	1.19	1.07	1.31	0.001
Almost none	Reference				Reference

95% CI, 95% confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

^∗The multivariate model was adjusted for sex, age, marital status, job type, equivalized income, and incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture.