Table 2:
Cotinine exposure and primary and secondary child neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12–60 months of age
| Outcome | Cotinine | Unadjusted Difference in Medians (95% CI) | Adjusted Difference in Medians (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | |||
| Primary outcome | ||||
| N=85 | N=1022 | |||
| WPPSI III IQ score at age 60 months* | 90 [81–100] | 95 [85–104] | −5.0 (−8.82 to −1.18) | −2.47 (−6.22 to 1.29) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| 12 months | ||||
| Bayley – Cognitive* | 105 [95–110] | 100 [90–110] | 5 (2.15 to 7.85) | 0 (−4.95 to 4.95) |
| Bayley – Motor* | 97 [94–110] | 97 [91–103] | 0 (−3.75 to 3.75) | 0 (−4.17 to 4.17) |
| Bayley – Language | 97 [86–109] | 94 [86–103] | 3 (−1.33 to 7.33) | 0.75 (−4.46 to 5.96) |
| 24 months | ||||
| Bayley – Cognitive | 90 [85–100] | 90 [85–95] | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (−2.82 to 2.82) |
| Bayley – Motor | 97 [91–103] | 97 [91–103] | 0 (−2.55 to 2.55) | 0 (−3.94 to 3.94) |
| Bayley – Language | 94 [84.5–100] | 89 [79–97] | 5 (1.71 to 8.29) | 0 (−3.31 to 3.31) |
| 36 months | ||||
| DAS II General Conceptual Ability Score | 91.5 [81–100] | 90 [81–100] | 1.0 (−3.49 to 5.49) | −0.20 (−4.19 to 3.79) |
| CBCL T score* | 52[43–58] | 46 [40–54] | 6.0 (3.54 to 8.45) | 2.42 (−1.78 to 6.62) |
| 48 months | ||||
| Conners | 52[44–58] | 49 [44–56.5] | 3.0 (0.38 to 5.62) | 0 (−2.54 to 2.54) |
| DAS II subtest Digits Forward* | 91 [76–113] | 84 [53–106] |
7.0 (−0.63 to 14.63) |
−0.22 (−10.81 to 10.36) |
| DAS II subtest Picture Recognition* | 74 (46–94] | 74 [65–94] | 0 (−5.83 to 5.83) | −3.45 (−10.97 to 4.06) |
| 60 months | ||||
| CBCL T score | 46 [40–55] | 44 [37–53] | 2.00 (−0.25 to 4.25) | 1.67 (−2.54 to 5.88) |
Data displayed as median and interquartile range
P-value < 0.05 in univariate analysis based on the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.
WPPS III, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III; DAS II, Differential Ability Scales-II; Bayley, Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III; Conners, Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised for assessment of attention; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist for behavioral and social competency
Quantile regression model adjusters included insurance type, education, race and ethnicity, and child age at exam.
Number of participants in each outcome: WPPS III: 1107; 12 month Bayley cognitive: 1106; 12 month Bayley motor: 1103; 12 month Bayley language: 1099; 24 month Bayley cognitive: 1076; 24 month Bayley motor: 1065; 24 month Bayley language: 1053; DAS II: 1088; 36 month CBCL: 1092; 48 month Conners: 1068; 48 month DAS II Digits Forward: 1054; 48 month DAS II Picture Recognition: 1057; 60 month CBCL: 1110.