Table 3.

Parameter estimates from multilevel structural equation models showing associations among empathy, interpersonal behaviour, and perception of others during interactions

	Student sample		Community sample
	Estimate	p value	Estimate	p value
Warmth/positive affect
Within-person parameters
Warmth other → empathy	.11 (.09, .14)	<.001	.13 (.10, .15)	<.001
Warmth other → PA	.45 (.42, .47)	<.001	.51 (.48, .52)	<.001
Warmth other → warmth	.51 (.46, .53)	<.001	.50 (.47, .52)	<.001
PA → empathy	.32 (.28, .34)	<.001	.32 (.28, .34)	<.001
PA → warmth	.17 (.14, .19)	<.001	.23 (.20, .24)	<.001
Empathy → warmth	.10 (.08, .12)	<.001	.12 (.09, .14)	<.001
Between-person parameters
Empathy → warmth other	.13 (.05, .27)	<.001	.26 (.13, .34)	<.001
Empathy → warmth	.16 (.07, .28)	<.001	.31 (.21, .40)	<.001
PA → warmth	.49 (.37, .58)	<.001	.34 (.21, .40)	<.001
PA → warmth other	.48 (.38, .58)	<.001	.33 (.22, .43)	<.001
PA ↔ empathy	.45 (.33, .50)	<.001	.30 (.15, .42)	<.001
Warm ↔ warmth other	.97 (.95, .98)	<.001	.95 (.93, .96)	<.001
Warmth/negative affect
Within-person parameters
Warmth other → empathy	.26 (.23, .28)	<.001	.30 (.27, .32)	<.001
Warmth other → NA	−.33 (−.35, −.30)	<.001	−.38 (−.40, −.35)	<.001
Warmth other → warmth	.54 (.51, .56)	<.001	.54 (.51, .55)	<.001
NA → empathy	− .02 (−.05, .01)	.080	.00 (−.04, .02)	.360
NA → warmth	−.13 (−.14, −.10)	<.001	−.15 (−.18, −.13)	<.001
Empathy → warmth	.15 (.12, .17)	<.001	.17 (.15, .19)	<.001
Between-person parameters
Empathy → warmth other	.33 (.24, .41)	<.001	.41 (.31, .50)	<.001
Empathy → warmth	.35 (.27, .44)	<.001	.47 (.36, .57)	<.001
NA → warmth	−.56 (−.63, −.50)	<.001	−.36 (−.44, −.27)	<.001
NA → warmth other	−.59 (−.65, −.51)	<.001	−.35 (−.45, −.26)	<.001
NA ↔ empathy	−.07 (−.20, .04)	.100	.17 (.04, .29)	<.001
Warmth ↔ warmth other	.95 (.93, .97)	<.001	.95 (.93, .96)	<.001
Dominance/positive affect
Within-person parameters
Dominance other → empathy	−.02 (−.05, .00)	.018	−.01 (−.04, .02)	.195
Dominance other → PA	−.11 (−.13, −.08)	<.001	−.16 (−.19, −.14)	<.001
Dominance other → dominance	−.11 (−.14, −.09)	<.001	−.11 (−.13, −.09)	<.001
PA → empathy	.36 (.34, .39)	<.001	.38 (.35, .40)	<.001
PA → dominance	.05 (.02, .07)	<.001	−.02 (−.04, .01)	.070
Empathy → dominance	.01 (−.01, .04)	.173	.00 (−.02, .03)	.445
Between-person parameters
Empathy → dominance other	.01 (−.12, .15)	.460	.08 (−.05, .21)	.100
Empathy → dominance	−.06 (−.19, .07)	.197	−.04 (−.17, .09)	.230
PA → dominance	.17 (.02, .28)	.010	.21 (.10, .31)	<.001
PA → dominance other	.08 (−.06, .22)	.153	.13 (−.02, .27)	.040
PA ↔ empathy	.44 (.34, .54)	<.001	.30 (.17, .39)	<.001
Dominance ↔ dominance other	.76 (.69, .82)	<.001	.79 (.72, .84)	<.001
Dominance/negative affect
Within-person parameters
Dominance other → empathy	−.04 (−.07, −.02)	<.001	−.05 (−.07, −.02)	.002
Dominance other → NA	.16 (.13, .18)	<.001	.19 (.16, .21)	<.001
Dominance other → dominance	−.12 (−.15, −.09)	<.001	−.12 (−.15, −.10)	<.001
NA → empathy	−.11 (−.14, −.08)	<.001	−.13 (−.16, −.11)	<.001
NA → dominance	.01 (−.02, .03)	.290	.05 (.02, .07)	<.001
Empathy → dominance	.03 (.01, .05)	.001	.00 (−.02, .03)	.380
Between-person parameters
Empathy → dominance other	.04 (−.09, .16)	.265	.12 (−.01, .25)	.033
Empathy → dominance	.01 (−.12, .13)	.425	.02 (−.11, .15)	.367
NA → dominance	−.01 (−.15, .13)	.430	−.06 (−.19, .06)	.200
NA → dominance other	−.04 (−.17, .10)	.255	−.03 (−.16, .10)	.340
NA ↔ empathy	−.08 (−.22, .06)	.125	.16 (.04, .28)	.010
Dominance ↔ dominance other	.77 (.71, .83)	<.001	.80 (.74, .85)	<.001

Note: → indicates regression where X → Y; ↔ indicates correlation between variables. All parameter estimates are standardized; 95% credibility intervals are in parentheses. Bolded values indicate that the credibility interval does not contain zero. p Values are one tailed. Warmth/dominance = participants’ own behaviour, warmth/dominance other = perceived behaviour of the other, NA, negative affect; PA, positive affect.