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Modification of titanium surface with an assembly of bioactive nanolayers. (A) Schematic of polydopamine-coating process that can be applied on titanium discs or implants without affecting their microstructures, (B, C) as demonstrated via scanning electron microscopy images. Inserts show surfaces with higher magnification. (D) Layer-by-layer deposition of poly-L-lysine and hyaluronic acid polymers in the presence and absence of BMP-2–mimicking short peptide.
