Table 1.

Study characteristics of the 25 included RCTs.

Study	Objects, y	Num. (pre/post)		Training program		Control	Assessment methods	Outcomes
		Tai Chi	Control	Intervention	Frequency
Zhang et al. [19]	Elderly, ≥60	18	18	Tai Chi	16 w	—	—	Knee flexion/extension
Kasim et al. [23]	Elderly, 65∼75	11	10	Tai Chi	60 min/time, 3 times/w, 12 w	Zumba Gold	30 s chair stand test	Lower body strength
Adcock et al. [39]	Elderly, ≥65	18/15	19/16	Home training including Tai Chi-inspired exercises	30–40 min/time, 3 times/w, 16 w	—	30 s chair stand test	Lower body strength
Sungkarat et al. [29]	Amnestic mild cognitive impairment, ≥60	33	33	Tai Chi	50 min/time, 3 times/w, 15 w	—	Spring gauge test	Knee extension strength
Takeshima et al. [40]	Elderly, 67–79	35	34	Tai Chi	60 min/day, 2 days/week, 12 w	—	30 s chair stand test	Lower body strength
Noradechanunt et al. [41]	Elderly, ≥60	13	13	Tai Chi	90 min/time, 2 times/w, 12 w	—	30 s chair stand test	Lower body strength
Huang and Lin [24]	Elderly	48	47	Tai Chi	—	—	30 s chair stand test/manual muscle tester	Lower body strength/keen extension strength
Xu et al. [20]	Obese elderly women, ≥60	29	9	Tai Chi plus a behavioral weight loss program	45 min/day, 2 days/week, 16 w	—	Manual muscle dynamometer	Knee extensor torque
Guo et al. [17]	Elderly	16	9	Tai Chi	—	—	Isokinetic dynamometer test	Knee flexion/extension
Song et al. [32]	Elderly women	31	30	Tai Chi	40 min/day, 6 days/week, 12 m	Walking	Isokinetic dynamometer test	Knee extension strength
Zhuang et al. [31]	Elderly, 60–80	22	28	Combined exercise including 8-form Yang style Tai Chi	60 min/day, 3 days/week, 16 w	—	30 s chair stand test/isokinetic dynamometer test	Knee flexor extensors
Day et al. [16]	Preclinically disabled elderly, ≥70	171	190	Modified Sun style Tai Chi	60 min/day, 2 days/week, 24 w	—	30 s chair stand test/spring gauge test	Lower body strength/quad strength
Day et al. [16]	Parkinson elderly	65	65	Tai Chi	60 min/day, 2 days/week, 24 w	Stretching	Isokinetic dynamometer test	Knee extensors and flexors
Liu et al. [28]	Elderly, 60–85	15	17	Tai Chi	45 min/day, 2 days/week, 16 w	—	Biodex System 3 dynamometer	Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
Taylor et al. [30]	Community residing elderly	220	231	Modified 10-form Sun style Tai Chi	60 min/day, 2 days/week, 20 w	Low-level exercise	30 s chair stand test	Lower limb strength
Song et al. [21]	OA elderly women	30	35	Tai Chi	55–65 min/w with instructors, 20 min/day/w by self, 6 m	—	Isokinetic dynamometer test	Knee flexor/extensor
Li et al. [5]	Community-based elderly, ≥60	22	18	24-form Tai Chi	60 min/time, 4 times/w, 6 w; 60 min/day/w, 10 w	—	Isokinetic dynamometer test	Knee flexion/extension
Frye et al. [42]	Elderly	31/23	23/21	Tai Chi	60 min/time, 3 times/w, 12 w	—	30 s chair stand test	Lower body strength
Buto et al. [3]	Community-dwelling seniors	11	9	24-form Yang style Tai Chi	60 min/time, 1 time/w, 12 m	—	Heel rise test	Lower limbs strength
Woo et al. [26]	Community-based Elderly, 65–74	30	30/29	Yang style with 24 forms of Tai Chi (TC)	3 times/w, 12 m		A quadriceps device	Strength of quadriceps
Audette et al. [22]	Elderly women, ≥65	11	8	Tai Chi	60 min/time, 3 times/w, 12 w	Brisk walking	A BTE work simulator	Knee extensor strength
Choi et al. [25]	Fall-prone elderly	29	30	12 forms of Sun style Tai Chi	35 min/time, 3 times/w, 12 w	—	Manual muscle tester	Knees extension and flexion
Yip et al. [27]	Osteoarthritis elderly	21	16	Arthritis self-management program including Tai Chi	120 min/time, 6 times/w, 16 w	—	A score of “5” assessment	Hamstring strength/quadriceps strength
Song et al. [14]	OA elderly women	22	21	12 forms of Sun style Tai Chi	20 min/time, ≥3 times/w, 12 w	—	Isokinetic dynamometer teat	Knee muscle strength
Wolf et al. [18]	Community-based elderly	72	64	Tai Chi and balance training	15 w	—	Nicholas MMT 0116 muscle tester	Hip, knee, or ankle strength