Figure 4:

Leaf shape variation is primarily determined by shoot position but changes over the season. (A) Representative shapes showing leaf variation (−3 SD, mean, +3 SD) captured in each of the top 4 principal components of the generalized Procrustes analysis–rotated leaf shapes. (B) Projections of all leaves into the first 2 dimensions of principal component space colored by the strongest determinant of variation in the top 2 PCs. (C) Projections of all leaves into the first 2 dimensions of a linear discriminant space trained to maximize variation between phenological stages. (D) Variation in leaf shape captured on PC2 shown by leaf position and phenological stage. Large points (and error bars) represent the mean (and SD) of the group when projected onto PC2.Variation in each group is shown as a composite leaf trace scaled to a standard size and centered over the mean.