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. 2021 Dec 16;12:785728. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785728

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Copyright © 2021 Xing, Sun, Dou, Wang, Zhao, Yang and Zhao

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The Relation of Mφ and Mφ-EVs. (A) EVs derived from different phenotypes of Mφ (M0-EVs, M1-EVs, and M2-EVs) have different properties and biological functions. (B) EVs are released from Mφ by either secreting microvesicles and apoptotic bodies extracellularly through plasma membrane fusion or releasing exosomes by endosomal pathway. Mφ, Macrophages; EVs, Extracellular vesicles; Mφ-EVs, Macrophage-derived exosomes; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; LPS, Bacterial lipopolysaccharide; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IL-1β,4,6,10,13, Interleukin-1beta,4,6,10,13; CD40,86, 163,206, Surface markers in Mφ; MHC-I, Major histocompatibility complex II; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; YM-1, Chitinase-like protein; Arg-1, Arginase-1; ILVs, Intraluminal vesicles; MVBs, Multivesicular bodies; Alix, Apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X; TSG101, Tumor susceptibility gene 101; CD9, 63,81, Tetraspanins; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-beta.