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. 2021 Dec 16;12:785728. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785728

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The Immuno-modulation Effect of Mφ-EVs in chronic inflammatory diseases. Mφ-EVs regulate the immune response and cell proliferation and migration and are involved in signaling pathways in the development of chronic inflammatory disease. Mφ-EVs, Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles; Th2, CD4+ T helper 2 lymphocytes; AKT, Protein kinase B; GSK-3β, Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta; PPARγ, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis Factor alpha; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IGF2BP1, Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1; HuR, Human antigen R; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; RAC1, RAS-related C3 botulinus toxin substrate 1; PAK2, p21-activated kinase 2; Sirt1, Sirtuin 1; AMPKα2, Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinas alpha 2; TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6; MMP2, Matrix metalloproteinase 2; CD90, Cluster of differentiation 90; STMN1, Stathmin 1; CDKN1B, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; PEG3, Paternally expressed gene 3; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog; JUNB, AP-1 transcription factor; IGF-1R, Insulin-like growth factor receptor; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; CDK6, Cyclin-dependent kinase 6; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; TERF1, Telomeric repeat binding factor 1; CDA, Cytidine deaminase; BRG1, Brahma-related gene 1; TGFBR3, TGF-beta type III receptor; STAT3, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3; Treg, regulatory T lymphocytes; Th17, IL-17-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes; EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; PHLPP, PH domain leucine-rich-protein phosphatase; p-AKT, Phosphorylated-Akt; ATF2, Activating transcription factor 2.