Table 2.
The biological functions of Mφ-EV miRNAs in TME.
| EVs sources | Disease model | MiRNAs | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1-EVs | Breast cancer cells | MiR-130, MiR-33 | Perform anti-tumor effect by polarizing macrophage from M2 to M1 phenotype | (69) |
| M2-EVs | Colorectal cancer | MiR-21-5p, MiR-155-5p | Downregulate BRG1 expression, enhance colorectal cancer cells migration and invasion | (107) |
| M2-EVs | GC | MiR-21 | Suppress cell apoptosis and strengthen activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway via down-regulation of PTEN | (146) |
| TAMs-EVs | PDAC | MiR-501-3p | Promote the PDAC cells invasion, migration and tube formation through the downregulation by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway to downregulate TGFBR3 | (147) |
| TAMs-EVs | Prostate cancer | MiR‐95 | Downregulate the downstream gene, JunB, to promote PCa cell proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition | (148) |
| M2-EVs | EOC | MiR-221-3p | Suppress CDKN1B to enhance the proliferation and G1/S transition of EOC cells | (73) |
| Mϕ-EVs | EOC | MiR-223 | Induce cell drug resistance by activating PTEN-PI3K/AKT pathway | (149) |
| TWEAK-stimulated macrophages-EVs | EOC | MiR-7 | Inhibition of tumor metastasis and aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo via EGFR/AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway | (150) |
| TAMs-EVs | EOC | MiR-146b-5p | Inhibit the HUVECs migration by activating TRAF6/NF-κB/MMP2 pathway. | (151) |
| TAMs-EVs | EOC | MiR-29a-3p, MiR-21-5p | Suppress STAT3 expression and regulate the ratio of Treg/Th17 | (152) |
| M2-EVs | Breast cancer cells | MiR-223 | Target the Mef2c-β-catenin pathway and promote breast cancer cell invasion | (99) |
| Mϕ-EVs | HCC | MiR-142, MiR-223 | Inhibit HCC proliferation through suppressing STMN1 and IGF-1R expression | (153) |
| TAMs-EVs | HCC | MiR-125a/b | Suppress cell proliferation and stem cell properties by targeting CD90 | (154) |
| Mϕ-EVs | HCC | MiR-92a-2-5p | Suppress androgen receptor translation, modify the PHLPP/p-AKT/β-catenin signaling to increase liver cancer cells invasion | (74) |
| M2-EVs | HCC | MiR-149-5p | Promote the invasion and migration of HCC by increasing MMP9 pathway | (155) |
| TAMs-EVs | PDAC | MiR-365 | Upregulate pyrimidine metabolism and increase NTP levels in cancer cells, upregulating CDA to promote gemcitabine resistance |
(156) |
| TAMs-EVs | Neuroblastoma cells | MiR-155 | Downregulate TERF1 expression to increase CDDP resistance both in vitro and in vivo | (157) |
| M2-EVs | Glioma cells | MiR-21 | Promote migration, proliferation and invasion, suppress apoptosis of glioma cells by reducing PEG3 expression | (158) |
| M2-EVs | Bladder carcinogenesis | MiR-21 | Promote cell migration and induce cell CDDP resistance | (159) |
| M2-EVs | Esophageal Cancer | MiR-26a | Regulate the impacts of overexpressed AFAP1-AS1 on cell migration and invasion | (160) |
GC, Gastric cancer; PDAC, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; EOC, Epithelial ovarian cancers; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; AKT, Protein kinase B; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog; TGFBR3, TGF-beta type III receptor; JUNB, AP-1 transcription factor; CDKN1B, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6; MMP2, Matrix metalloproteinase 2; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; STAT3, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3; Treg, regulatory T lymphocytes; Th17, IL-17-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes; STMN1, Stathmin 1; IGF-1R, Insulin-like growth factor receptor; CD90, Cluster of differentiation 90; PHLPP, PH domain leucine-rich-protein phosphatase; p-AKT, Phosphorylated-Akt; MMP9, Matrix metalloproteinase 9; CDA, Cytidine deaminase; CDDP, Cisplatin; PEG3, Paternally expressed gene 3; TERF1, Telomeric repeat binding factor 1; Mef2c, Myocyte enhancer factor; AFAP1-AS1, Actin filament associated protein 1 antisense RNA1.