Table 3.
The applications of Mφ-EVs.
| EVs Source | Precondition of Macrophages | EVs Treatment | Disease model | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M2-EVs | – | – | Calvaria defects | Promote bone regeneration | (100) |
| Mϕ-EVs | Induced by LPS | – | Acute liver injury | Be involved in the activation of NLRP3 and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | (25) |
| Mϕ-EVs | Induced by LPS | – | Ischemic stroke | Induce neuroprotection, and reduce the brain infarct | (174) |
| Mϕ-EVs | Induced by LPS | – | Chronic liver diseases | Promote hepatic stellate cells proliferation and activation | (55) |
| Mϕ-EVs | Treated with IL-4 | – | AS | Reduce the areas of necrotic lesion | (49) |
| M2-EVs | – | – | Cutaneous wound | Promote wound healing | (132) |
| M1-EVs | – | – | Colorectal carcinoma | Enhance the anti-tumor effect of checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-L1 antibody) in cancer therapy | (175) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Loaded with Doxorubicin | Pancreatic cancer | Deliver Doxorubicin to perform anti-tumor efficacy | (176) |
| M1-EVs | – | Loaded with CDDP | Ovarian cancer | Increase cytotoxicity in drug-resistant by loaded with CDDP | (177) |
| Mϕ-EVs | Infected by M. bovis BCG | - | M. tuberculosis infection. | Induce a CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell response and stimulate DC activation | (178) |
| M1-EVs | - | - | Melanoma | Enhance the efficacy of peptide vaccine, the cytotoxic T cell immune response and present anti-tumor effect | (179) |
| M2-EVs | – | – | Fracture | Induce bone mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation | (57) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | – | Inflammation brain | Deliver the brain derived neurotrophic factor to the brain | (40) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Loaded with catalase | Parkinson’s disease | Deliver catalase to against oxidative stress, decrease brain inflammation and increase neuronal survival | (180) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Loaded with Edaravone | Stroke | Improve the bioavailability of Edaravone and strengthen the neuroprotective effects | (13) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Loaded with baicalin | Ischemic stroke | Improve the solubility of Baicalin, brain targeting ability and present neuroprotection | (181) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Loaded with PTX | Lung carcinoma | Deliver PTX to overcome multiple drug resistance and assess anti-cancer therapy | (182) |
| M2-EVs | – | Loaded with Berberine | Spinal cord injury | Deliver drugs to the injured spinal cord | (183) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Engeneered with AA-PEG vector moiety | Pulmonary metastases | Improve the loading capacity and therapeutic effects | (184) |
| M1-EVs | – | Modified with anti-CD47 and anti-SIRPα | Acidic tumor microenvironment, | Target tumors more effectively, reprogram M2Mφ to M1Mφ, exert anti-tumor function | (185) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Loaded with Biomimetic silibinin | Alzheimer’s disease | Inhibit astrocytes activation and alleviate astrocyte inflammation-mediated neuronal damage | (186) |
| Mϕ- A15 -EVs | Stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate | Loaded with Doxorubicin hydrochloride and co-incubated cholesterol-modified mi159 | Triple-negative breast cancer | Co-deliver cholesterol-modified miRNA and chemotherapeutic drugs, perform more specific and robust targeting properties, and suppress tumor growth | (187) |
| Mϕ-EVs | – | Coated with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Triple-negative breast cancer | Improve the tumor-targeting, the cellular uptaking and the antitumor efficacy | (188) |
| M2-EVs | – | Modified with hexyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride | AS | Enhance the anti-inflammatory effect and relieve AS | (189) |
| M1-EVs | – | Loaded with PTX | Breast cancer | Deliver PTX to enhance the anti-tumor activity | (190) |
PTX, paclitaxel; AS, Atherosclerosis; AA-PEG, Aminoethylanisamide-polyethylene glycol; CDDP, Cisplatin; DC, Dendritic cells.