Table 1.
Participants' characteristics.
| Clinically healthy | CAD | P-value (t-test or Mann Whitney U test) | P-value (chi-squared test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (%) | 116 (68) | 54 (32) | ||
| Anthropometry, mean ± SD | ||||
| Age (years) | 70.8 ± 8.7 | 67.0 ± 11.5 | 0.034 | |
| Male (%) | 64.7% | 90.7% | <0.001 | |
| Body mass (kg) | 67.0 ± 10.4 | 84.0 ± 14.9 | <0.001 | |
| Body fat (%) | 27.9 ± 6.9 | 30.2 ± 6.8 | 0.043 | |
| Lean mass (kg) | 26.3 ± 5.1 | 32.2 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 2.8 | 27.8 ± 4.1 | <0.001 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.8 ± 13.2 | 126.7 ± 15.4 | 0.029 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.8 ± 8.3 | 77.3 ± 10.8 | 0.024 | |
| VO2peak (L/min) | 1.86 ± 0.53 | 1.82 ± 0.60 | 0.629 | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never smoked | 76 (66) | 27 (50) | 0.019 | |
| Smokers | 0 (0) | 6 (11) | <0.001 | |
| Ex-smokers (quit <10 years ago) | 40 (34) | 11 (20) | <0.001 | |
| Ex-smokers (quit >10 years ago) | 0 (0) | 10 (19) | 0.110 | |
| Biochemical parameters, mean ± SD | ||||
| Fasting duration prior to blood sampling (h) | 6.7 ± 3.0 | 8.5 ± 5.3 | 0.522 | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.17 ± 1.04 | 4.12 ± 0.82 | <0.001 | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.46 ± 0.68 | 2.16 ± 0.52 | <0.001 | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.47 ± 0.68 | 2.16 ± 0.52 | <0.001 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.37 ± 0.76 | 1.50 ± 0.96 | 0.611 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | |
| NT-ProBNP (pg/ml) | 145.5 ± 110.4 | 603.0 ± 651.4 | <0.001 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 23 (20) | 54 (100) | <0.001 | |
| No of coronary artery with stenosis, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 116 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
| 1 | 0 (0) | 12 (22) | ||
| 2 | 0 (0) | 15 (28) | ||
| 3 | 0 (0) | 24 (44) | ||
| Not known | 0 (0) | 3 (6) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0 (0) | 10 (19) | <0.001 | |
| Cardiovascular medications, n (%) | ||||
| Antihypertensive | 23 (20) | 54 (100) | <0.001 | |
| ACE inhibitors | 3 (3) | 32 (59) | <0.001 | |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) | 19 (16) | 18 (33) | <0.001 | |
| Amlodipin | 6 (5) | 7 (13) | 0.008 | |
| Beta-blockers | 4 (3) | 43 (80) | <0.001 | |
| Statins | 9 (8) | 48 (89) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes medications, n (%) | ||||
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 0 (0) | 9 (17) | <0.001 | |
| Insulin | 0 (0) | 6 (11) | <0.001 | |
| Other medications, n (%) | 52 (45) | 52 (96) | ||
A Student's t-test was performed to compare body fat, lean mass, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure between clinically healthy and sick individuals. Other continuous variables were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. A chi-squared. BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NT-proBNT, N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone B-type natriuretic peptide. Other drugs include: Acetylsalicylic acid (57), diuretics (36), anticoagulants/antiplatelets (32), vitamins (32), proton-pump inhibitors (30), chondroitinsulfat (13), lipid-lowering drugs except statins (11), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (11), thyroid hormones (11), topical ophthalmic drugs (11), estrogen/hormone replacement therapy (9), 5α-reductase inhibitors (7), paracetamol (5), uricostatic drugs (5), antidepressants (3), antihistamines (3), bisphosphonate (3), ginkgo (3), non-benzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonists (3), fluticasone/salmeterol (2), prednisolone (2), pregabalin (2), benzodiazepine (1), febuxostatum (1), fluticasone/vilanterol (1), gabapentin (1), L-dopa/benserazid (1), melatonin (1), mesalazine (1), molsidomin (1), mometasone (1), polystyrene sulfonate (1), tamsulosin (1), topic fluticasone (1), tiotropium (1), rifamycin (1).