Table 1.
General characteristics of children stratified according to ethnicity.
| Black children | White children | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 437) | (n = 293) | ||
| Age (years) | 7.46 ± 0.967 | 7.58 ± 0.809 | 0.96 |
| Sex, boys (n %) | 213 (42.0) | 163 (52.6) | 0.003 |
| Body composition | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 53.16 ± 5.86 | 58.3 ± 7.89 | <0.001 |
| Body height (cm) | 121 ± 7.46 | 127 ± 6.99 | <0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 23.6 ± 5.50 | 27.1 ± 6.48 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 15.9 ± 2.40 | 16.7 ± 6.48 | <0.001 |
| BMI z-score | −0.182 (−2.13; 1.75) | 2.41 (−1.43; 2.06) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular measures | |||
| Brachial systolic blood pressure (mmHg)* | 101 ± 10 | 104 ± 10 | 0.44 |
| Brachial diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)* | 65 ± 8 | 64 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Brachial mean arterial pressure (mmHg)* | 80 ± 8 | 80 ± 7 | 0.001 |
| Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 96 ± 10 | 96 ± 8 | 0.61 |
| Central diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 65 ± 8 | 65 ± 8 | 0.36 |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/s)† | 4.42 ± 0.328 | 4.53 ± 0.295 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume (ml) | 46.9 ± 7.99 | 51.2 ± 9.56 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 4.10 ± 0.557 | 4.37 ± 0.646 | <0.001 |
| Total vascular resistance (mmHg/ml/s) | 1.23 ± 0.133 | 1.19 ± 0.153 | <0.001 |
| Retinal calibers | |||
| Central retinal artery equivalent (MU)‡ | 198 ± 14.1 | 200 ± 15.0 | <0.001 |
| Central retinal vein equivalent (MU)‡ | 241 ± 15.2 | 230 ± 15.6 | <0.001 |
| Arterio-venous ratio | 0.825 ± 0.063 | 0.870 ± 0.057 | <0.001 |
Values are arithmetic mean ± standard deviation or geometric mean (5th and 95th percentiles) for logarithmically transformed variables.
Bold values denote statistical significance (p < 0.05).
*
Brachial blood pressure measures were adjusted for age, sex, and body height.
†
Pulse wave velocity was adjusted for age, sex, and mean arterial pressure.
‡
Central retinal artery equivalent was additionally adjusted for central retinal vein equivalent and vice versa.
n, number of participants; MU, measuring units.